A Study on Discourse Functions of English Passive Voice.docx
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A Study on Discourse Functions of English Passive Voice.docx
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AStudyonDiscourseFunctionsofEnglishPassiveVoice
湖南第一师范学院
毕业论文(设计)
题目(中文)
英语被动语态的语篇功能分析
(英文)
AStudyonDiscourseFunctionofEnglishPassiveVoice
学生姓名
金晶
学号
04b10440842
指导教师
黎清群
系(部)
外语系
专业班级
08级英语4班
完成时间
2012年5月
AStudyonDiscourseFunctions
ofEnglishPassiveVoice
By
JINJing
AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentofthe
Requirements
fortheDegreeof
BACHELOROFARTS
DepartmentofForeignLanguage,
HUNANFIRSTNORMALUNIVERSITY
May,2012
摘要
许多语言学家从句法平面上研究了被动语态的用法,本文以Halliday提出的三大纯理功能之一语篇功能理论为基础,从语篇层面上分析了被动语态的语篇功能。
分析认为,被动语态包含六种语篇功能:
突出主题功能、引入主题功能、转换主题功能、凸显焦点功能、对比焦点功能以及语篇衔接与连贯功能。
他们往往共同作用于语篇的重组,使语篇成为一个结构上衔接、语义上连贯的有机整体。
关键词:
语篇;语篇功能;语态;被动语态
Abstract
Manylinguistshavestudiedtheusagesofpassivevoicefromtheperspectiveofsyntax.Thisthesis,however,basedonthetheoryofdiscoursefunction---oneofthethreemetafunctionsproposedbyHalliday,makesananalysisofthediscoursefunctionsofpassivevoicefromthedimensionofdiscourselevel.Theanalysispointsoutthatpassivevoicecontainssixdiscoursefunctions,whicharefunctionofextrudingthetheme,functionofintroducingthetheme,functionofswitchingthetheme,functionofhighlightthefocus,functionofcontrastivefocusandfunctionofdiscoursecohesionandcoherence,tomakethediscoursetoaconvergencestructure,semanticallycoherentorganicwhole.
Keywords:
discoursefunctions;passivevoice
CONTENTS
摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------3
ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------4
Chapter1Introduction---------------------------------------------------6
Chapter2Overview------------------------------------------------------7
2.1Discourse------------------------------------------------------------7
2.2DiscourseFunctions-----------------------------------------------7
2.2.1Thematicstructure-------------------------------------------8
2.2.2Informativestructure----------------------------------------8
2.2.3Cohesion------------------------------------------------------9
2.3Voice-----------------------------------------------------------------10
2.4Passivevoice-------------------------------------------------------11
Chapter3DiscourseFunctionsofthePassiveVoice---------------13
3.1FunctionofTheme------------------------------------------------13
3.1.1FunctionofExtrudingtheTheme------------------------13
3.1.2FunctionofIntroducingtheTheme----------------------16
3.1.3FunctionofSwitchingtheTheme------------------------18
3.2functionofFocus-------------------------------------------------20
3.2.1FunctionofHighlighttheFocus-------------------------20
3.2.2FunctionofContrastiveFocus---------------------------22
3.2.3FunctionofBalancetheFocus-----------------------------24
3.3FunctionofDiscourseCohesionandCoherence---------------25
Chapter4Conclusion------------------------------------------------------28
Bibliography--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
Chapter1Introduction
Halliday(1994)putforwardtheconceptofthreemetafunctionsinhisAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar,whichare:
Ideationalmetafun-ction,InterpersonalmetafuncionandDiscoursemetafunction.Thesethreemetafunctionsprovideseveresemanticchoicesforlanguagecommunic-ation,whichmakepossiblethatdifferentsentencestylechoiceandstructurechoiceforthesamediscoursewillproducedifferentsignificance.Sincethesentencestructureisdifferent,choiceofaactivevoiceorpassivevoiceinthediscoursewillofcourseendsupdifferently.ThetenseofEnglishverbsincludetwosub-areas,whicharepassivevoiceandactivevoice.Intheactivevoice,theagentisinfrontofthepredicativeverb,whilethepatientafterit.Andboththeagentandthepatientareindispensable.Whileinthepassivevoice,thepatientisinfrontofthepredicativeverbandtheagentafterif,andbothofwhichcanbeomitted.ThisthesiswillanalysethediscoursefunctionoftheEnglishpassivevoicedependononeofHalliday’sthreemetafunctions—disco-ursemetafunction.
Chapter2Overview
2.1Discourse
Discourseusuallyreferstoanentiretyoflanguageconsistsofaseriesofcontinuousdialoguesandsentences.Itissupposedtohaveathesisstructureorlogicstructure,whichmeansitmusthavealogicrelationbetweenthesentences.Anditshouldbeorganizedsyntacticallyandhasindependenceoncommunication.
Discoursecanbeeasilydescribedasseversentences,butinmostoccasions,itneedsdozensofwhichtodeliverthefullmeaningofthespeakerinparticularcontext.Onthislevel,discoursebelongstothecategoryofsemantics.
2.2DiscourseFunctions
Discoursefunctionmainlyreferstothefunctionwhichlanguageisusedtoorganizetheinformationofdiscourseanddeliveritorderly.Hal-lidayindicatedthatthreesubsystemsareconcludedbythediscoursefunc-tions,whichareThematicstructure,InformativestructureandCohesion.
2.2.1Thematicstructure
Fromtheangleofinterpersonalfunction,HallidaypointeditoutthatanysentencecanbesplitupasThemeandRheme.Eachsmallsentenceandthestartingpointofthecomplexaretheme;afterthethemehasdra-wnoutofasentence,theremainingpartisrheme.Healsonotedthatthethemeisthestartingpointofthemessage;itisthegroundfromwhichtheclauseistakingoff.Therefore,inadiscourse,differentchoiceofthemewillproducedifferencemeanings.
2.2.2Informativestructure
ZhuYongshengthinksthattheinformativestructureisthestructurethatputthelanguagetogethertobetheinformativeunit.Informativeunitisthebasicconstituentofinformativeexchange,whichistheinteractionbetweenthegiveninformationandthenewinformationduringthespeechact.Thegiveninformationistheconstituentthatalreadyappearedorcanbeinferredbythecontext,whilethenewinformationistheconstituentthatneverappearedinthespeechactorunpredictableonlyaccordingtothecontext.Therefore,informativestructureisthestructureoftheinfor-mativeunitewhichformedbytheinteractionbetweenthegiveninforma-tionandthenewinformation.
2.2.3Cohesion
Cohesionisasemanticconcept,soisdiscourse.Itreferstothesemanticlinksbetweenthediscourseinthelanguagecomponent,oristherelationshipbetweenacompositionandanotherthatcanworkwitheachothertoexplainthecompositionofdiscourse.(ZhuYongsheng,1989).Halliday&Hasan(1976)pointeditoutthatthemeansofdiscoursecohes-ioncandividedintotwocategories,whicharegrammaticalcohesionandlexicalcohesion.Amongthem,grammaticalcohesionconsistofreference,substitution,ellipsisandconjunction.HuZhuanglinindicatedthatrefer-encemeansthatoneconstituentofthediscourseactasthereferencepointofanotherconstituent;substitutionistousealternativewordstoreplaceacomposition;ellipsisreferstodeletesomepartofthediscoursetomakesureitwouldextrudethenewinformationinsteadofappearingrepeatedly.Sothatthediscoursewouldhaveawell-knitcontext;conjunctionisameantoshowthevariouslogicrelationsinthediscoursebyconjunctionwords.Lexicalcohesionisasemanticconnectionofthediscoursereflec-tedbyrepeating,synonymsandantonyms,andvocabularyoccurrence.
2.3Voice
Voiceisasyntacticcategoryintraditionalgrammar,whichbothrelatestotheverbindicatingtheprocessandtheothercomponentoftheclause.Manylinguistsdividedthevoiceasactivevoiceandpassivevoicejudgingbytheagencyandpatientoftheaction.Thesubjectistheagencyoftheactioninactivevoice,whileinpassivevoice,isthepatient.However,thedivisionofvoiceinfunctionalgrammarisdifferentintraditionalgrammar.Hallidaythoughtthataclausewithoutagencyisneitheractivenorpassivevoice,buta‘middle’one,whiletheonewithan‘agency’is‘non-middle’.Theactiveandpassivevoiceonlyexistinthe‘non-middle’sentences.
2.4Passivevoice
Passivevoiceisaspecialformofverb,whichindicatethatthesubjectofthesentenceisthepatientoftheaction,namelythetargetoftheaction.Englishpassivevoiceiscomposedofauxiliaryverbbeandthepastparticipleofthetransitiveverb.Passivevoiceoftenusedinthefollowingsituations:
A,whentheydon’tknowwhotheagencyoftheactionis,orhavenonecessarytopointitout;
B,don’twanttomakeastatementabouttheaction,opinionorthefactthattheyarenotcompletelysure;
C,stressthekeypoint;
D,avoidingtouseavaguewordasasubject.
Inadditiontoconsideringtheuseoftheabove-mentionedpassivevoice,moreimportantly,functiongrammarianalsoanalyzedthedifferentchoiceofactiveandpassivevoicefromthediscourselevel.Thefollow-ingpassageisdiscussingthediscoursefunctionofthepassivevoicebasedonthediscoursefunctiontheory.
Chapter3Discoursefunctionofthepassivevoice
Fromthepointofthediscourse,thethemestructure,theinformativestructureandcohesionoftheactiveandpassivevoicearealldifferent.Changingfromanactivetoapassivevoiceisrestructuringtheconstitu-entsofthesentenceaccordingtothepragmatics.ButtheEnglishpassivevoiceisnotallabouttheconsequenceofthepragmaticrestructure,italsogivesakindofspecialdiscoursefunctiontotheconstituentbeforeandafterit.Thiskindofdiscoursefunctionsperformedintwomainways—functionsofthemeandfunctionofpoint-focus.
3.1functionsoftheme
Onisolationsinglesentence,onlythestructureofthesentence’sinformationchangedbythecourseoftheinversionof
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