物流经济学复习参考.docx
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物流经济学复习参考.docx
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物流经济学复习参考
Unit1introduction
1.Basictermsandconcepts
PDPhysicalDistribution产品(销售)物流
ILMintegratedlogisticsmanagement一体化物流管理
SCMSupplyChainManagement供应链管理
MRPMaterialRequirementPlanning物料需求计划
ERPEnterpriseResourcePlanning企业资源计划
LSPLogisticsServiceProvider物流服务提供商
SKUStockKeepingUnit品项
LTLeadTime提前期
Trade-off权衡
Corecompetence核心竞争力
2.Compareandcontrastanticipatoryandresponsivebusinessmodels.Whyhasresponsivenessbecomepopularinsupplychainstrategyandcollaboration?
A:
Thekeypointinanticipatorybusinessmodelisthatalmostallessentialworkhasbeentraditionallyperformedinanticipationoffuturerequirements.Thelikelihoodofmisgaugingcustomerrequirementsrenderedtheanticipatorybusinessmodelhighlyrisky.Inaddition,eachfirminthedistributionchannelduplicatedtheanticipatoryprocess.
Thekeypointinresponsivebusinessmodelisthatitseekstoreduceoreliminateforecastreliancebyjointplanningandrapidexchangeofinformationbetweensupplychainparticipants.
(1)Thefundamentaldifferenceisthesequenceofeventsthatdrivebusinesspractice.
Theresponsivebusinessmodelisinitiatedbyasalefollowedbyasequenceofmaterialpurchase,custommanufacturing,anddirectcustomerdelivery.Also,managersareincreasinglysharinginformationtoimproveboththespeedandaccuracyofsupplychainlogistics.Soitislesscostandlesselapsedtimefromordercommitmenttodelivery.
Ontheotherhand,inanticipatorybusinessmodel,businessoperationsweredrivenbyforecasts.Thetypicalmanufacturerproducedproductsbasedonamarketforecast.Likewise,wholesalers,distributors,andretailerspurchasedinventorybasedontheiruniqueforecastsandpromotionalplans.Managerslooselylinkedtogetherandsharedinformation.
(2)Theseconddifferenceisthatresponsivebusinessmodelcanacceleratecustomizationthroughdirectconnectivitywithcustomersviainternet-basedcustomerconnectivity.Inmosttraditionalanticipatorydistributionsystems,thecustomerisapassiveparticipant.Abouttheonlypowerthecustomerhasinthetraditionalprocessisthedecisiontobuyornotbuy.Directconnectivityofcustomersinaresponsiveprocesshasatleastthreebenefits.First,involvementprovidescomprehensivesearchcapabilitiesthatservetoexpandtherangeofsourcesandchoicesacustomercanconsiderwhenselectingaproductorservice.
3.Illustrateacommontrade-offthatoccursbetweentheworkareasoflogistics.
A:
Thefullrangeofworkareasoflogisticsshouldbeintegrated.Decisionsinonefunctionalareawillimpactcostofallothers.Itisthisinterrelationoffunctionsthatchallengesthatsuccessfulimplementationofintegratedlogisticalmanagement.
Forexample,usingairtransportationtodeliverproductsfromfactorydirecttocustomersmayincreasetransportationcost.Butthisstrategywillreduceinventoryandwarehousecost.
Unit2InboundLogistics
1.Basictermsandconcepts
Inboundlogistics(Materialmanagement)原材料物流
JITJustintime准时制生产
MPSMasterProductionSchedule主生产计划
BOMBillofMaterial物料清单
EOQEconomicOrderQuantity经济订货批量
VolumeConsolidation采购批量合并
Cycletime(performancecycle)运作周期
MTOMake-to-order按订单生产
MTPMake-to-plan按计划生产
ATOAssemble-to-order按订单装配
1.Whywouldacompany’scostofmanufacturingandprocurementtendtoincreaseasthefirmchangesfromanMTPtoanMTOstrategy?
Whywouldinventorycoststendtodecrease?
A:
MTPreferstomake-to-plan.InMTOstrategies,significantfinishedgoodsinventoryistypicallymanufacturedinanticipationoffuturecustomerrequirements.UsingMTPstrategy,industriescangaineconomyofscale,butontheotherhandneedlargewarehousingcapacitytostorefinishedproduct.
MTOreferstomake-to-order.MTOmanufacturingstrategiesseektomanufacturetocustomerspecification.InMTO,exactquantitiesandconfigurationsareproducedinrelativelysmallquantities.
SocomparetoMTP,theinventorycostinMTOislowerbecauseMTOmanufacturingstrategyrequirelessfinishedgoodsinventorythanMTP.ButthemanufacturingandprocurementcosttendstoincreasebecauseMTOstrategycannotutilizeeconomyofscale.
Unit3OutboundLogistics
1.Termsandconcepts
Availability产品可得性
Stockoutfrequency缺货频率
FillRate订单完成率
ThePerfectOrder完美订单
Basicservice基本服务
Zerodefectservice零缺陷服务
Valueaddedservice增值服务
Customerrelationshipmanagement客户关系管理
2.Compareandcontrastthecustomerservice,customersatisfaction,andcustomersuccessphilosophiesofsupplychainmanagement.
A:
Organizationsbuildtheirplatformforcustomeraccommodationonthreelevelsofincreasingcommitment.
Thefirstoftheseisbasiclogisticscustomerservice.Tobecompetitive,afirmneedsabasicservicecapabilitythatbalancesavailability,operationalperformance,andreliabilityforallcustomers.Thebasicserviceplatformshouldbeestablishedaccordingtotwofactors:
competitororindustry-acceptablepracticeandthefirm’soverallmarketingstrategy.Basicservicefocusesontheorganization’sinternaloperationalperformance.Firmtypicallyassesstheircustomerserviceperformancerelativetohowwelltheseinternalstandardsareaccomplished.Thefactisthatevenfirmswithahighlevelofbasiccustomerservicecommitmentdosenotassurethatcustomersaresatisfied.
Customersatisfactionfocusesoncustomers,theirexpectations,andtheirperceptionsofsupplierperformance.Logisticsexecutivesmustcontinuouslymonitorcustomersatisfactionandseektomeetorexceedexpectations.
Customersuccessfocusesonthecustomer’srealrequirements.Achievingsuccessrequiresintimateknowledgeofcustomer’sneedsandoperationalrequirementsandacommitmentbytheserviceprovidertoenhanceacustomer’sabilitytocompetemoresuccessfullyinthemarketplace.
Customersuccessfocusesoncustomerneedsandrequirements.Customer
3.DRP
Unit4inventorymanagement
1.Termsandconcepts
InventoryTurnover库存周转率
AverageInventory平均库存
Cycleinventory(orbasestock)基本库存
Safetystock安全库存
Transitinventory周转库存
ROPReorderPoint再订货点
perpetualreview永续盘存法
periodicalreview定期盘存法
VMIVendor-managedinventory供应商管理库存
Fine-line(ABCclassification)优化(ABC分类)
2.Illustratehowfine-lineinventoryclassificationcanbeusedwithproductandmarketsegments.Whatarethebenefitsandconsiderationswhenclassifyinginventorybyproduct,market,andproduct/market?
A:
Thefine-lineinventoryclassificationprocessrecognizesthatnotallproductsandmarketshavethesamecharacteristicsordegreeofimportance.Itgroupsproducts,marketsorcustomerswithsimilarcharacteristicstofacilitateinventorymanagement.Classificationcanbebasedonavarietyofmeasures.Themostcommonaresales,profitcontribution,inventoryvalue,usagerate,anditemcategory.Onceitemsareclassifiedorgrouped,itiscommontolabeleachcategorywithacharacterordescription.High-volume,fast-movingproductsareoftendescribedasAitems.Themoderate-volumeitemsatetermedtheBitems,andthelow-volumeorslowmoversareknownasCs.Groupingofsimilarproductsfacilitatesmanagementeffortstoestablishfocusedinventorystrategiesforspecificproductsegments.
Theclassificationarraydefinesproductormarketgroupstobeassignedsimilarinventorystrategies.Theuseofitemgroupsfacilitatestheidentificationandspecificationofinventorystrategieswithoutrequiringtediousdevelopmentofindividualitemstrategies.
Whenclassifyinginventorytheclassificationshouldbeconsistentwithenterprisestrategyandserviceobjectives.
2.EOQ
3.公平份额分配
Unit5transportation
1.Termsandconcepts
TLtruckload整车
LTLless-than-truckload零担
FCLFullContainerLoad整箱
LCLLessthanContainerLoad拼箱
Commoncarriers公共承运人
Contractcarriers合同承运人
Privatecarriers私营承运人
Exemptcarriers免责承运人
Intermodal(mulimodal)多式联运
2.Compareandcontrastthetransportprinciplesofeconomyofscaleandeconomyofdistance.Illustratehowtheycombinetocreateefficienttransportation.
A:
Therearetwofundamentaleconomicprinciplesthatimpacttransportationefficiency:
economyofscaleandeconomyofdistance.
Economyofscaleintransportationisthecostperunitofweightdecreasesasthesizeofashipmentincreases.Transportationeconomiesofscaleexistbecausefixedcostassociatedwithtransportingaloadisallocatedovertheincreasedweight.Economyofdistancereferstodecreasedtransportationcostperunitofweightasdistanceincreases.Therationalefordistanceeconomiesissimilartoeconomiesofscale.Longerdistancesallowfixedcosttobespreadovermoremiles,resultinginlowerpermilecharges.
Maximizingthesizeoftheloadandthedistancebeingshippedwhilestillmeetingcustomerserviceexpectationscancreateefficienttransportation.
Unit6warehousingmanagement
1.Termsandconcepts
Breakbulkandcrossdock分拨和越库
Processing/postponement处理、推迟
Stockpiling大量存储
Spotstock定点存储
Assortment分类
Mixing组合作业
WMSwarehousemanagementsystem仓库管理系统
2.Underwhatconditioncoulditmakesensetocombineprivateandpublicwarehouseinalogisticalsystem?
A:
Aprivatewarehouseisoperatedbytheenterprisethatownsthemerchandisehandledandstoredinthefacility.Apublicwarehouseisoperatedasanindependentbusinessofferingarangeoffor-hireservices.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Privatewarehouse
Control,flexibility,costandarangeofintangibles
Alotofcapitalinvestment
Cannotgetoperationaleconomiesofscaleandscope
Publicwarehouse
Loweroperationcostwithoutcapitalinvestment
Scaleeconomies
Losscontrol
Notquiteflexibility
Fullwarehous
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