2122课时美国文化.docx
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2122课时美国文化.docx
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2122课时美国文化
标题:
CultureintheUnitedStates(21/22课时)
教学目标:
1.ToundertandthebasicinformationoftheUnitedStates
2.TomasterthefolkloreintheUnitedStates
3.Toknowfinearts,scienceandtechnology,cuisineandsportsintheUnitedStates
教学重点及难点:
1.Theimportantpointsinteaching:
thefolkloreintheUnitedStates
2.Thedifficultpointsinteaching:
finearts,scienceandtechnology,cuisineandsportsintheUnitedStates
教学内容(教学时数:
2)
1.BasicInformationoftheCultureintheUnitedStates
ThecultureoftheUnitedStatesisprimarilyWestern,butisinfluencedbyAfrican,NativeAmerican,Asian,Polynesian,andLatinAmericancultures.AstrandofwhatmaybedescribedasAmericanculturestarteditsformationover10,000yearsagowiththemigrationofPaleo-IndiansfromAsia,aswellasfromOceaniaandEurope,intotheregionthatistodaythecontinentalUnitedStates.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasitsownuniquesocialandculturalcharacteristicssuchasdialect,music,arts,socialhabits,cuisine,andfolklore.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisanethnicallyandraciallydiversecountryasaresultoflarge-scalemigrationfrommanyethnicallyandraciallydifferentcountriesthroughoutitshistoryaswellasdifferingbirthanddeathratesamongnatives,settlers,andimmigrants.
ItschiefearlyEuropeaninfluencescamefromEnglish,Scottish,WelshandIrishsettlersofcolonialAmericaduringBritishrule.Britishculture,duetocolonialtieswithBritainthatspreadtheEnglishlanguage,legalsystemandotherculturalinheritances,hadaformativeinfluence.OtherimportantinfluencescamefromotherpartsofEurope,especiallyGermany,France,andItaly.
Originalelementsalsoplayastrongrole,suchasJeffersoniandemocracy.ThomasJefferson'sNotesontheStateofVirginiawasperhapsthefirstinfluentialdomesticculturalcritiquebyanAmericanandareactionarypiecetotheprevailingEuropeanconsensusthatAmerica'sdomesticoriginalitywasdegenerate.Prevalentideasandidealsthatevolveddomestically,suchasnationalholidays,uniquelyAmericansports,militarytradition,andinnovationsintheartsandentertainmentgiveastrongsenseofnationalprideamongthepopulationasawhole.
Americancultureincludesbothconservativeandliberalelements,scientificandreligiouscompetitiveness,politicalstructures,risktakingandfreeexpression,materialistandmoralelements.Despitecertainconsistentideologicalprinciples(e.g.individualism,egalitarianism,andfaithinfreedomanddemocracy),Americanculturehasavarietyofexpressionsduetoitsgeographicalscaleanddemographicdiversity.TheflexibilityofU.S.cultureanditshighlysymbolicnatureleadsomeresearcherstocategorizeAmericancultureasamythicidentity;othersseeitasAmericanexceptionalism.
ItalsoincludeselementsthatevolvedfromIndigenousAmericans,andotherethniccultures—mostprominentlythecultureofAfricanAmericans,culturesfromLatinAmerica,andAsianAmericancultures.ManyAmericanculturalelements,especiallyfrompopularculture,havespreadacrosstheglobethroughmodernmassmedia.
TheUnitedStateshastraditionallybeenthoughtofasameltingpot,howeverbeginninginthe1960sandcontinuingoninthepresentday,thecountrytrendstowardsculturaldiversity,pluralismandtheimageofasaladbowlinstead.DuetotheextentofAmericanculture,therearemanyintegratedbutuniquesocialsubcultureswithintheUnitedStates.TheculturalaffiliationsanindividualintheUnitedStatesmayhavecommonlydependonsocialclass,politicalorientationandamultitudeofdemographiccharacteristicssuchasreligiousbackground,occupationandethnicgroupmembership.
2.Folklore
Nationalholidays
AmericanstraditionallyshootfireworksthroughoutthenightontheFourthofJuly.NewYorkCity'sTimesSquareisthebestlocationfortheNewYear'scelebrationsintheUnitedStateswiththefamousballdrop.
JohnF.KennedyunofficiallysparesaturkeyonNovember19,1963.Thepracticeof"pardoning"turkeysinthismannerbecomesapermanenttraditionin1989.
TheUnitedStatesobservesholidaysderivedfromeventsinAmericanhistory,Christiantraditions,andnationalpatriarchs.
ThanksgivingistheprincipaltraditionallyAmericanholiday.ItevolvedfromtheEnglishPilgrim'scustomofgivingthanksforone'swelfare.Thanksgivingisgenerallycelebratedasafamilyreunionwithalargeafternoonfeast.ChristmasDay,celebratingthebirthofJesusChrist,iswidelycelebratedandafederalholiday,thoughafairamountofitscurrentculturalimportanceisduetosecularreasons.EuropeancolonizationhasledtosomeotherChristianholidayssuchasEaster,LentandSt.Patrick’sDaytobeobserved,thoughwithvaryingdegreesofreligiousfidelity.
IndependenceDay(alsoknownastheFourthofJuly)celebratestheanniversaryofthecountry’sDeclarationofIndependencefromGreatBritain.Itisgenerallyobservedbyparadesthroughoutthedayandtheshootingoffireworksatnight.
HalloweenisthoughttohaveevolvedfromtheancientCeltic/GaelicfestivalofSamhain,whichwasintroducedintheAmericancoloniesbyIrishsettlers.Ithasbecomeaholidaythatiscelebratedbychildrenandteenswhotraditionallydressupincostumesandgodoortodoortrick-or-treatingforcandy.Italsobringsaboutanemphasisoneerieandfrighteningurbanlegendsandmovies.
Additionally,MardiGras,whichevolvedfromtheCatholictraditionofCarnival,isobservednotablyinNewOrleans,St.Louis,andMobile,Alabamaaswellasnumerousothertowns.
3.Finearts
Inthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies,Americanartistsprimarilypaintedlandscapesandportraitsinarealisticstyle.AparalleldevelopmenttakingshapeinruralAmericawastheAmericancraftmovement,whichbeganasareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.DevelopmentsinmodernartinEuropecametoAmericafromexhibitionsinNewYorkCitysuchastheArmoryShowin1913.AfterWorldWarII,NewYorkemergedasacenteroftheartworld.PaintingintheUnitedStatestodaycoversavastrangeofstyles.AmericanpaintingincludesworksbyJacksonPollock,JohnSingerSargent,andNormanRockwell,amongmanyothers.
Architecture
ArchitectureintheUnitedStatesisregionallydiverseandhasbeenshapedbymanyexternalforces,notonlyEnglish.U.S.architecturecanthereforebesaidtobeeclectic,somethingunsurprisinginsuchamulticulturalsociety.Intheabsenceofasinglelarge-scalearchitecturalinfluencefromindigenouspeoplessuchasthoseinMexicoorPeru,generationsofdesignershaveincorporatedinfluencesfromaroundtheworld.Currently,theoverridingthemeofAmericanArchitectureismodernity,asmanifestintheskyscrapersofthe20thcentury.
EarlyNeoclassicismaccompaniedtheFoundingFather'sidealizationofEuropeanEnlightenment,makingitthepredominantarchitecturalstyleforpublicbuildingsandlargemanors.However,inrecentyears,suburbanizationandmassmigrationtotheSunBelthasallowedarchitecturetoreflectaMediterraneanstyleaswell.
Theater
TheateroftheUnitedStatesisbasedintheWesterntraditionanddidnottakeonauniquedramaticidentityuntiltheemergenceofEugeneO'Neillintheearlytwentiethcentury,nowconsideredbymanytobethefatherofAmericandrama.O'Neillisafour-timewinnerofthePulitzerPrizefordramaandtheonlyAmericanplaywrighttowintheNobelPrizeforliterature.AfterO'Neill,AmericandramacameofageandflourishedwiththelikesofArthurMiller,TennesseeWilliams,LillianHellman,WilliamInge,andCliffordOdetsduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Afterthisfertileperiod,Americantheaterbrokenewground,artistically,withtheabsurdistformsofEdwardAlbeeinthe1960s.
SocialcommentaryhasalsobeenapreoccupationofAmericantheater,oftenaddressingissuesnotdiscussedinthemainstream.WriterssuchasLorraineHansbury,AugustWilson,DavidMametandTonyKushnerhaveallwonPulitzerPrizesfortheirpolemicalplaysonAmericansociety.TheUnitedStatesisalsothehomeandlargestexporterofmodernmusicaltheater,producingsuchmusicaltalentsasRodgersandHammerstein,LernerandLoewe,ColePorter,IrvingBerlin,LeonardBernstein,GeorgeandIraGershwin,KanderandEbb,andStephenSondheim.BroadwayisoneofthelargesttheatercommunitiesintheworldandistheepicenterofAmericancommercialtheater.
Dance
TheUnitedStatesisrepresentedbyvariousgenresofdance,fromballettohip-hop.
FrankSinatraisawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedombyPresidentRonaldReagan.
Music
Americanmusicstylesandinfluences(suchasrockandroll,jazz,rock,techno,country,hip-hop,rap)andmusicbasedonthemcanbeheardallovertheworld.MusicintheU.S.isdiverse.ItincludesAfrican-Americaninfluenceinthe20thcentury.Thefirsthalfofthiscenturyisfamousforjazz,introducedbyAfrican-Americansinthesouth.Inthe1960s,1970s,1980s,and1990s,rockwasprevalent.
Cinema
ThecinemaoftheUnitedStates,oftengenerallyreferredtoasHollywood,hashadaprofoundeffectoncinemaacrosstheworldsincetheearlytwentiethcentury.Itshistorycanbeseparatedintofourmainperiods:
thesilentfilmera,classicalHollywoodcinema,NewHollywood,andthecontemporaryperiod.WhiletheLumiereBrothersaregenerallycreditedwiththebirthofmoderncinema,itisAmericancinemathathasemergedasthemostdominantforceintheindustry.
Americanindependentcinemawasrevitalizedinthelate1980sandearly1990swhenanothernewgenerationofmoviemakers,includingSpikeLee,StevenSoderbergh,KevinSmith,andQuentinTarantinomademoviesli
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- 2122 课时 美国 文化