实用英语语法讲稿815.docx
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实用英语语法讲稿815.docx
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实用英语语法讲稿815
Lecture8Pronouns(I)
TeachingAims:
KnowledgeAims:
Lecture8:
Pronouns(I)
SkillAims:
Thedefinitionofpronouns
Theclassificationofpronouns
EmotionAims:
Pronounconcordinnumber,ingender;andinperson
Importantpoints:
Pronounconcordinnumber;Pronounconcordingender;Pronounconcordinperson
Difficultpoints:
Pronounconcord
Leading-in:
Discussion
(1)Whatispronoun?
(2)Whatisthepronounconcord?
Generalinformation:
Pronounsareavariedclosed-classwordswithnominalfunction.Englishhasadevelopedpronounsystem,comprisingpersonalpronouns,possessivepronouns,reflexivepronouns,reciprocalpronouns,demonstrativepronouns,interrogativepronouns,relativepronouns,andindefinitepronouns.Thepresentlecturewilldealwiththeconcordofpronouns(andcorrespondingdeterminers)withtheirantecedentsinnumber,genderandperson.
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Step1Pronouns(I):
Pronounsareavariedclosed-classwordswithnominalfunction.Englishhasadevelopedpronounsystem,comprisingpersonalpronouns,possessivepronouns,reflexivepronouns,reciprocalpronouns,demonstrativepronouns,interrogativepronouns,relativepronouns,andindefinitepronouns.Thepresentlecturewilldealwiththeconcordofpronouns(andcorrespondingdeterminers)withtheirantecedentsinnumber,genderandperson
StepIIPronounconcordinnumber:
Personalpronouns,possessivepronouns,reflexivepronouns,andcorrespondingdeterminershavetheirsingularandpluralforms.Thenumbercontrastofpronounsdiffersfromthatofnounsinthatpronounnumbercontrastismorphologicallyunrelated,asinI/we,he/they,asopposedtothetypicalregularformationofnounplurals:
boy/boys.
Thechoiceofpronounnumberformsisgenerallydeterminedbythenumberofitsantecedent,thatistosay,apronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinnumber.Hereareafewpointsthatmeritourattentionwithregardtopronounconcordinnumber.
1)Pronounconcordwithevery-,some-,an-compoundsasantecedent
Whentheantecedentisacompoundsuchaseveryone,everybody,someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,noone,nobody,thepronounandthecorrespondingdeterminerusuallyfollowtheprincipleofgrammaticalconcordandtakethesingularform.Butininformalstyle,theycanfollowtheprincipleofnotionalconcordandtakethepluralform,especiallywhentheantecedentiseverybodyoreveryone.Notethatwitheverything,something,anythingandnothing,thepronounandcorrespondingdeterminercanonlytakethesingularform.
2)Pronounconcordwithcoordinateconstructionasantecedent
Whentheantecedentisacoordinateconstruction,thenumberformsofthepronounandcorrespondingdetermineraregenerallydeterminedbythepluralorsingularmeaningofthecoordination.
3)Pronounconcordwithcollectivenounasantecedent
Whentheantecedentisacollectivenoun,thechoiceofthenumberformsofthepronounandcorrespondingdeterminerdependsonthemeaningofthecollectivenouninthecontext.
4)Pronounconcordwith"pluralnoun/pronoun+each"asantecedent
Whenthesubjectofasentenceisaconstructionof"pluralnoun/pronoun+each",thechoiceofthenumberformsofthepronounandcorrespondingdeterminerdependsonthepositionoftheappositiveeach;iftheappositiveoccursbeforetheverb,thefollowingpronounandcorrespondingdeterminertakethepluralform;if,ontheotherhand,theappositiveappearsaftertheverb,thepronounandcorrespondingdeterminertakethesingularform.
StepIIIPronounconcordingender:
GENDERisagrammaticalcategory.Itisasetofgrammaticalformsofnouns,determinersandadjectivesthattellofthedistinctionsofsex.UnlikesomeEuropeanlanguagessuchasGerman,FrenchandRussianthathaveacomplicatedgendersystem,theEnglishlanguageisnotmarkedwithanygenderdistinctionsexceptforsomepronouns.Therefore,whenwefollowthetraditionaldescriptionandsaythatEnglishnounshavefourgenders(themasculine,feminine,neutral,andcommongender),wedonotmeananyovertgrammaticalformsthatshowthedistinctionsofsex,butthedifferencesofnaturalsexdenotedbythelexicalmeaningofnouns.
SomeEnglishpronouns,however,haveovertgrammaticalcontrastsbetweenpersonalandnonpersonalgender,andbetweenmasculineandfemininegender.Thesegenderdistinctionsarelargelyrestrictedtothirdpersonsingularpronounsofthecategoriesofpersonal,possessive,andreflexivepronounsandcorrespondingdeterminers.Intheuseofthesepronounsanddeterminerswemustseetoitthattheyagreewiththeirantecedentsingender.
1)Pronounconcordwithmale/femalenounasantecedent
Whentheantecedentisapersonalmale/femalenoun,thepronounandcorrespondingdeterminershouldbemasculineorfemininerespectively.ForChinesestudents,attentionshouldbepaidtocertainEnglishnames,suchasAlly,Barney,Carmen,Doyle,Emile,Frances,Giles,Gill,Hallis,Holly,Ira,Ina,etc,thatoftencausedifficultyindecidingwhethertheyaremaleorfemale.
2)Pronounconcordwithcommongendernounasantecedent
Somecommongendernouns,suchasbaby,child,customer,doctor,engineer,infant,lawyer,parent,patient,person,scholar,secretary,scientist,speaker,student,teacher,etc,areduelinnature.Theycaneitherbemaleorfemale.Whenusedinthesingularforgenericreference,thesenounsaregenerallyreferredtoashe,akindofpracticethatisopposedbyfeminists.Ifwedonotwanttodoso,wecanusepluralformsinsteadoravoidusinganypronounordetermineratall.
Informalwritingasinlegaldocuments,wecanuse"heorshe","hisorher",etctorefertoacommongendernoun.Obviously,toomuchrepetitionoftheseexpressionsviolatestheprincipleofbrevityinwriting.
Somecommongendernounssuchasbaby,infant,andchildareintermediatebetweenpersonalandnonpersonal.Thewideselectionofpronouns(who/which,he/she/it)shouldnotbeunderstoodtomeanthatallthesearepossibleinallcontexts.Whenthespeakerdoesnotknow,orisnotinterestedin,thesexofthebabyorinfant,hemayusetheneutralit;ifthespeakerisawareofthebaby'ssex(forinstance,thespeakeristhebaby'smother),sheisunlikelytorefertoherbabyasit.Shewillhavetochoosebetweenthemasculineandthefemininepronoun.
Whenacommongenderpronounisusedforspecificreference,thepronounorcorrespondingdeterminermusttakeanappropriategenderformaccordingtotheactualsexindicatedinthecontext.
3)Pronounconcordwithneutralgendernounasantecedent
Whentheantecedentisasingularnounofneutralgender,ieanounthatdenotesaninanimateornonpersonalobject,wegenerallyusetheneutralpronounordeterminer(it/itself/its).Justasababymaybedesignatedit,soamemberofanonhumanspeciesmaybedesignatedheorshe.Forinstance,ashiporafavouritecarmaybereferredtoassheorher.Iftheownerofthecarisawoman,shemightrefertoherfavouritevehicleasheorhim.
Whentheantecedentisananimalnoun,itisgenerallyreferredtoasitinnonexpertcontexts.If,ontheotherhand,theanimalisspokenofwithemotionorispersonified,itmaybereferredtoasheorshe.Thisisalsotrueofthenamesofcelestialbodiesorabstractideas.
Namesofcountriesmaybetreatedeitherasfeminineorneutral.Whenusedasgeographicalunits,theyaretreatedasinanimateandthereforeneutral.Ifusedaspolitical/economicunits,thenamesofcountriesareoftenfeminine,andaregenerallyreferredtoassheorher.
StepIVPronounconcordinperson:
PERSONisagrammaticalcategory.Itisagrammaticalformthatshowsthereferentialmeaningofpronouns.InEnglish,personal,possessive,andreflexivepronounsandcorrespondingdeterminershavethreespecialformsthattellofreferencetothespeaker(firstperson),totheonespokento(secondperson),andtothehumanbeingorthingspokenabout(thirdperson).Thesethreepersonshavetheirsingularandpluralformsrespectively,and,inthecaseofpronouns,havealsocasedistinctions:
thesubjectiveandtheobjectivecase.Hence,intheuseofpronouns,wemustseetoitthattheyagreewiththeirantecedentsinperson.Bypronounconcordinperson,wemeantwothings:
first,apronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinpersononthesententiallevel;secondly,inabroadercontext,thatis,intextsorconnecteddiscourses,thespeakerorwritermustkeepaconsistentpersonintheuseofpronouns.Astorymaybetoldeitherinthefirstorinthethirdperson.Whicheverpersonisused,itmustbeconsistentfrombeginningtoend.
1)Pronounconcordinpersononsententiallevel
Inasentenceorinsucceedingsentences,thepersonofapronounisdeterminedbythepersonofitsantecedent.Generallyspeaking,allnounphrases(exceptthosehavingfirstandsecondpersonpronounsasheads)arethirdpersonforpurposesofconcord.Iftheantecedentisacoordinateconstructioncontainingafirstorsecondpersonpronoun,thereferringpronounshouldbefirstorsecondpersoninpluralnumber.Violationoftheseruleswillresultinpoororfaultysentences.
2)Pronounconcordinpersonontextuallevel
Inatext,pronounsshouldbeconsistentinpersonfrombeginningtoend.Thisisamatterofspeakingorwritingfromwhatpointofview,fromthespeaker'sorwriter'spointofvieworfromthatofathirdparty.Aconsistentpointofviewisaguaranteeofclarityinwriting.
Lecture9Pronouns(II)
TeachingAims:
1.Thestudentswilllearnthechoiceofpronouncaseforms.
2.Theywilllearnposses
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