简明英语语法.docx
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简明英语语法.docx
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简明英语语法
英语语法
Lesson1动词的时态
Lesson2情态动词
Lesson3被动语态
Lesson4虚拟语气
Lesson5非谓语动词
Lesson6简单句
Lesson7并列句
Lesson8名词性从句
Lesson9定语从句
Lesson10状语从句
Lesson11it句型
Lesson12倒装句
Lesson1动词的时态
动词时态一共有四大类,现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时,每大类又包括动作存在的四种状态,所以,英语中共有16种时态:
一般现在时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时;一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时;一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时、将来完成进行时;一般过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、过去将来完成进行时。
1一般现在时:
HestudiesEnglisheveryday.
IwatchTVeverynight.
HeplaysbasketballeverySaturday.
2现在进行时:
HeisstudyingEnglishnow.
IamwatchingTVnow.
Iampreparingsupper.
3现在完成时:
HehasstudiedEnglishfortwoyears.
Ihavewatchedthatprogram.
Hehasmademuchprogress.
4现在完成进行时:
HehasbeenstudyingEnglishfortwohours.
IhavebeenwatchingTVformorethantwohours.
HehasbeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyears.
5一般过去时:
Heplayedacomputergamelastnight.
Shecleanedtheroomyesterday.
HeplayedbasketballlastSaturday.
6过去进行时:
HewasplayingacomputergamewhenIgothome.
ShewascleaningtheroomwhenIwentshopping.
Iwaspreparingsupperwhenshecamein.
7过去完成时:
HehadplayedacomputergameforanhourwhenIgothome.
ShehadcleanedtheroombeforeIcameback.
Hehadmademuchprogressbytheendoflastterm.
8过去完成进行时:
HehadbeenplayingacomputergameforawholeafternoonwhenIgothome.
Shehadbeencleaningtheroomfortwohours.
HehadbeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyearsbytheendoflastmonth..
9一般将来时:
Iwritemytermpapertomorrow.
TomwilllearnChinesenextyear.
Hewillplaybasketballthisafternoon.
10将来进行时:
Iwillbewritingmytermpaperthewholeoftomorrowmorning.
TomwillbelearningChinesethistimenextyearinBeijing.
Iwillbepreparingsupperat4o’clockthisafternoon.
11将来完成时:
Iwillhavewrittenmytermpaperbytheendofthismonth.
TomwillhavefinishedhisstudiesinBeijingbytheendofnextyear.
Iamsurehewillhavemademuchprogressbytheendofthisyear.
12将来完成进行时:
Iwillhavebeenwritingmytermpaperforamonthbytheendofthisweek.
BytheendofSeptember,Tomwillhavebeenstudyingherefortwoyears.
HewillhavebeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyearsbytheendofthismonth.
13一般过去将来时:
Hesaidthathewouldcometovisitme.
Hesaidhewouldplaybasketballthefollowingday.
14过去将来进行时:
Hetoldmethathewouldbetakinganexamat9o’clockthefollowingmorning.
ItoldhimIwouldbepreparingdinnerat4o’clockthatafternoon.
15过去将来完成时:
Ithoughtthattheywouldhavefinishedtheirtaskbythattime.
Hepromisedthathewouldhavemademuchprogressbytheendofthatterm.
16过去将来完成进行时:
Iguessedthathewouldhavebeenworkingthereforalongtimebytheendofthismonth.
HetoldmethatbewouldhavebeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyearsbytheendofthatmonth.
Lesson2情态动词
情态动词时用来表示说话人对一个动作或状态的看法、态度,即:
说话人认为某事“可能”“或许”“应该”或是“必须”发生等。
情态动词时有词义的,借助情态动词,可以表示说话人的“猜测、判断、允许、可以、指责、惊诧”等多种情感、态度。
下面时12种情态动词的用法。
1can/could
CanyouspeakEnglish?
Youcansithereifonlyyoukeepquiet.
Couldyoushowmethewaytothenationalstadium.
Howcouldyousaysomethinglikethat?
2may/might
Youmaystaywithusforawholeday.
Thelittleboymayhaveafever.
Shemighthaveknownthatnews.
3must/haveto
MustIhandinthepapertoday?
No,youneedn’t.
Youmustfinishtoday’shomeworktom.
Wemissedthelastbus,sowehadtogohomebytaxi.
4oughtto
Sheoughttohavecomeearlier.
Yououghtnottogoouttoday.
5shall/should
Youshallstaywhereyouarenow.
Youshouldtryitagain.
Itissostrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutaword.
6will/would
Willyoucometohelpme?
Wouldyoukindlygivemeyourtelephonenumber?
Hesaidthathewouldnotdoitagain.
7need
Youdon’tneedtohelpus.
Youneedn’thelpus.
NeedIgoshoppingwithyou?
No,youneedn’t.
Lesson3被动语态
语态表示句中主语和谓语动词的相互关系。
当句子的主语时谓语动词表示的动作的实施者时,就是主动语态,即:
某人做某事。
当句子的主语时谓语动词表示的动作的承受者时,就是被动语态,即:
某人(或事物)被……。
只有及物动词才能用于被动语态的句子中。
有些时态很少使用被动语态或不使用被动语态。
下面时常用时态的被动语态、非谓语动词和情态动词的被动语态,以及被动语态的常用句型。
1一般现在时被动语态
Thislittleboyislovedbyallthepeoplearound.
Heisalwayspraisedbytheteacher.
2一般过去时被动语态
Hermobilephonewasstolenonthebusyesterday.
Thisareawasdestroyedbytheearthquaketwoyearsago.
3一般过去将来时被动语态
Hewassurethathewouldbeinvitedtotheparty.
Hetoldmethathispaperwouldbefinishedsoon.
4一般将来时被动语态
Thisbookwillbefinishedintwoweeks.
Whowillbeinvitedtoyourweddingceremony?
5现在进行时被动语态
Sheisbeingtroubledbythefinalexamination.
Anewbridgeisbeingbuiltacrosstheriver.
6过去进行时被动语态
Thenewairportwasbeingbuiltatthattime.
Mycarwasbeingrepairedinthegaragelastweek.
7现在完成时被动语态
Anewschoolhasbeensetupinthatremotearea.
Tomhasbeendismissed.
8过去完成时被动语态
Hesaidthathissonhadbeensenttostudyabroad.
Hesaidthatthedoctorhadbeensentfor.
9将来完成时被动语态
Thatfactorywillhavebeencompletedbytheendofthisyear.
Twothousandcarswillhavebeenproducedbytheendofthismonth.
10非谓语动词被动语态
Herdreamistobeadmittedtoauniversity.
Yourbehavioristobecriticized.
Hehatedbeingdecoratedisanartmuseum.
11情态动词被动语态
Thismustbedoneatonce.
Thepatientshouldbesenttothehospital.
Thisquestioncanbeansweredevenbyachild.
Thesehousesmightbepulleddownnextmonth.
12被动语态常用句型
Itissaidthathewillcometomorrow.
Itiswellknownthatheisafamoussinger.
Itmustbepointedoutthateveryoneshouldobeythetrafficrules.
Lesson4虚拟语气
英语有四种语气:
陈述语气、疑问语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
其中,陈述语气和疑问语气时我们平常最主要使用的两种语气。
虚拟语气一般表示一种假设情况,即所说的事与事实相反,或只是主观愿望,有时表示说话人语气的客气、委婉。
下面是8种虚拟语气句型。
1与将来事实相反的虚拟语气(指将来发生的可能性很小的事)
IfIshouldhavetime,Iwoulddoitmyself.
IfIweretoentertheuniversity,Iwouldmajorinpsychology.
2与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthatposition.
Ifhehadenoughmoney,hewouldbuyanotebookcomputer.
3与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
Ifyouhadarrivedalittleearlier,youwouldhaveseenyouricon.
Ifyouhadn’thelpedme,Iwouldn’thavepassedthisexamination.
4错综时间条件句
Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.
Ifthehadstoppedsmokinghewouldn’tgetlungcancer.
5省略了if的虚拟条件句
Wereyoutom,whatwouldyoudoatthattime.
Hadyoutoldmetheflightnumber,Iwouldhavemetyouattheairport.
6带有should的虚拟语气(此句型中的should可以省略)
Itisnecessarythatyou(should)exerciseeveryday.
Itisimportantthatwe(should)handinthepaperontime.
Thedoctorrequiredthatjack(should)stopsmokingatonce.
Itisdesiredthatthistest(should)befinishedbefore12o’clock.
Hegaveusasuggestionthatwe(should)spendsometimeinthesouth.
7其他常用虚拟语气句型
ItistimethatwebegantolearnEnglish
IwishIcouldmeetyouthisyear.
HespeaksChineseasthoughbewereaChinese.
Butforyourtimelyhelp,Iwouldn’thaveovercomethesedifficulties.
WithouthisadviceIwouldn’tknowthattodonext.
Ifitwerenotfortheuseofthecomputer,wecouldn’tfinishthisresearchproject.
Lesson5非谓语动词
动词的三种形式:
不定式、动名词和分词,在句子中分别可以用作主语、宾语、定语、表语和状语等,但不能用作谓语,所以统称为非谓语动词。
下面是三种动词形态承担不同句子成分的句型。
1不定式作主语
Tofinishthisbookwilltakemetwodays.
Tiisnoteasyfortoliveindependently.
2不定时式作主语补足语
Iwasinvitedtoattendhisbirthdayparty.
Weareaskedtofinishthetestwithintwohours.
3不定式作宾语
HedecidedtofindajobinBeijing.
Ican’taffordtobuyahousenow.
4不定式作宾语补足语
Theteacherallowedustoplaybasketballforawhile.
Iheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.
5不定式作表语
Myplanistogetadoctor’sdegreeinthreeyears.
Herjobistotakecareoftheorphans.
6不定式作定语
I’llhavealotofworktodonextweek.
Heisalwaysthefirsttocometotheclass.
7不定式作目的状语
Theyalwayscometohelpus.
Inordertocatchthefirstbus,we’llhavetogetupearlytomorrow.
8不定式作原因状语
Iamverygladtoknowthatyouarestillingoodhealth.
Everyonewasshockedtohearthenewsabouttheearthquake.
9不定式作结果状语
Youaretooyoungtojointhearmy.
Heissoweakastolieinbedmostofthetime.
10不定式作句子状语
Totellyouthetruth,Ireallydon’tlikethisfilm.
Tobefrank,Iamnotinterestedinherlecture.
11动名词作主语
Smokingisforbiddenonthebus.
It’suselessarguingwithher.
Thereisnodenyingthathedidthat.
12动名词作宾语
Theyarefondofswimming.
Hedecidedtogiveupsmoking.
Wecouldn’thelplaughingatthattime.
Wouldyoumindmsittinghere?
Thankyouforcoming.
13动名词作表语
Hishobbyisclimbing.
Myfavoritesportisskating.
14动名词作定语
Theteacherhandedoutsomelisteningmaterials.
Therearesomestudentsinthereadingroom.
15分词作定语
Thatisaninterestingfilm.
Heisapromisingyoungman.
Theboystandingatthedoorisourmonitor.
Itwassuchboringlecturethatmanystudentsyawned.
MadamLiuisaqualifiedteacher.
Allthepeopleconcernedattendedthatmeeting.
Doyouhaveanythingplannedforthisweekend?
16分词作表语
Atsunamiisterrifying.
Thetestresultisencouraging.
Thefoodyoucookedlookstempting.
Heisinterestedinmagic.
Iamdisappointedinthisplan.
Iamconvincedthatheishonest.
17分词作宾语补足语
WhenIcamein,Ismelledsomethingburning.
Iheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.
IamsorryIhavekeptyouwaitingforalongtime.
Isawathiefarrestedbythepolice.
Hewenttothedentist’stohavehisbedtoothpulledout.
Asateacher,youshouldmakeyourselfunderstoodbythestudents.
18分词作时间状语
Havingfinishedhishomework,tombegantoplaythecomputergame.
Hearingthenews,weallfeltveryexcited.
Whilewalkinginthestreet,Isawatrafficaccident.
Whenheated,waterwillbechangedintovapor.
19分词作原因状语
Frightenedbythedog,thelittlegirlcried.
Notknowingherphonenumber,Ican’tcontacther.
20分词作结果状语
Theambulancearrivedintime,savingtheoldlady.
Hewashitbyacar,thusbeingsenttothehospital
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