计算机英语第5章.docx
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计算机英语第5章.docx
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计算机英语第5章
Chapter5ProgrammingandDesign
LearningObjectives:
Attheendofthischapter,youareexpectedto:
●understandthemainideasofeverypassage;
●masterthekeywordsandphrases,especiallytechnicaltermsofeverypassageaswellastheirusage;
●haveaclearideaofprogramming,programminglanguages,VisualBasic,andthequalityofaprogrammer;
●knowhowtotranslateadverbsinEST.
Warm-up:
Lookatthecartoons,trytoappreciatethemandexchangetheunderstandingwithyourpartner:
5.1IntroductiontoProgramming
Writingcomputerprogramsmeanswritinginstructionsthatwillmakethecomputerfollowandrunaprogrambasedonthoseinstructions.Thebasicinstructionsarecomposedofasequenceofonsandoffs,turningswitchesonandoff.Theonsarecodedwitha1,andtheoffswitha0.
Numbersandlettersarealsorepresentedbythis,e.g.0000=0,0001=1,0010=2,0011=3,etc.Inthebeginning,programslookedlike“1010100100101111010101010101”.Sincethepurposeofwritingprogramsistomakelifeeasier,assemblylanguagewascreatedandalotbetterthan“010101”.
Theprogramthatconvertedtheassemblylanguageintocomputercodewascalledtheassembler.Butitwasnottheend.Someonecontinuedtothinkwhywecouldn’tmakeaprogramthatwouldtranslateEnglish-likewordsintoassemblylanguage,thencodewouldbewritteninEnglish.Thusmodern“thirdgeneration”codewascreated.Nowtheprogrammercanwritecodelike“x=5+8”;or“Stringstupid=Youarenotsmart”.
Thefirstpiecemeansthatxwillequal5+8,andthesecondmeansthatwhenevertheprogramwrites“stupid”itmeansthewordsinthequotes.However,thatisnotimportantnow,andtheimportantthingtorealizeisthatprogrammingismore“Englished”andunderstandablethanbefore.
Now,acompilerwilltranslatethenewcodeintoassemblylanguage,whichanassemblerwilltranslateintocomputerlanguage,whichthecomputerwillexecuteintoaseriesofonsandoffs.Thisnewwayenabledwritingmorecomplexcodeasitwasnowmorereadableandeasytoprogram.Javaisoneofthenewerlanguagesthatusethisthirdgenerationcodewritingtechnic.
Inshort,writingcodemeanswritingabunchofinstructions.Eachinstructionisrelativelysimple.Acomputerisabletorunmillionsofinstructionsinasecondbecauseofitsspeed.Asforacomplex3Dgame,forexampleDiablo,millionsoflittlecodelinesarebeingexecutedpersecond,thuseachcodelineseemstodoverylittle.
becomposedof
由...组成
sequence
[]
n.次序,顺序,序列
switch[]
n.开关,电闸,转换
vt.转换,转变
assemblylanguage
汇编语言
convert[]
vt.使转变,转换...
assembler
[]
n.汇编程序
string[]
n.线,一组字符
equal[]
vt.等于,比得上
quote[]
vt.引用,引证,
n.引号
compiler
[]
n.编译器
readable
[]
adj.易读的
technic[]
n.技术,手法
bunch[]
n.串,束
However,thatisnotit.Yourjobasaprogrammeristobeabletofocusnotonlyonwhattheendproductlookslike,butonhoweachlittlepieceruns.Everylittlelinesofcodeyouwritemustcontributetorunningofthewholeprogram.
Thedifferentterminologiesaprogrammermeetscanbegroupedintothecategoriesofkeywords,operations,variablesandpredefinedclasses(inJava).Keywordsarethewordsthathaveaspecificmeaningtothecompiler.Forexample,“if”tellsthecompilerthat“iftheconditionistruethenrunthenextpieceofcode”.Operationsaresymbolsthatgivespecificmeaning.Forexample,theoperationof“+”canbeusedtoaddtwonumberstogether.Variablesarethevaluesthatyougivetoawordthatyoumakeup.Forexample,inJavathekeyword“int”meansanumber.Ifyouwrite“intsum=8+7”;youaretellingthecompiler,youwantavariablecalledsumtogetthevalueof8and7addedtogether.Fromnowonuntilyouchangeit,wheneveryouwrite“sum”intheprogram,thecompilerreadsitas“15”.Also,inJavayouhavealreadymadeclassesthatwilldoahugeamountforyou.Allyouhavetodoistobringthemintoyourcode,anditwillsaveyouahugeamountofprogramming.
(Words:
576)
endproduct
终端产品
terminology[]
n.术语
category[]
n.种类,别
keyword
n.关键字
operation[]
n.操作符
variable[]
n.变数,变量
adj.可变的,不定的
predefine[]
vt.预先确定
predefinedclasses
预定义
I.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.
()1.Instructionsbasedonasequenceofonsandoffsaremorecomplicatedthanassemblylanguage.
()2.Assemblerisabletoconverttheassemblylanguageintocomputercode.
()3.Thougheachcodelineseemstodoverylittleintheexecutionofthewholeprogram,itstillisveryimportant.
()4.Keywords,operations,variablesandpredefinedclassesarecommonwordsthataprogrammermeetsinprogramming.
()5.Ifyouwrite“intsum=9+2”,“sum”intheprogramisreadas“11”untilachangeismade.
II.Matchthewordsorexpressionsintheleftcolumnwiththosesimilarinmeaningintherightcolumn.
1.assemblylanguage
A.最短路径
2.datastructures
B.子集生成
3.compiler
C.变量
4.sorting
D.终端产品
5.generatingsubsets
E.编译器
6.variable
F.预定义
7.shortestpath
G.网络流
8.predefinedclasses
H.排序
9.networkflow
I.数据结构
10.endproduct
J.汇编语言
III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsorexpressionsinthebox,makingchangesifnecessary:
modification
exhibit
appliedmathematics
expertise
engineeringdiscipline
knowledge
differ
softwareengineer
sourcecode
programminglanguage
Computerprogramming,sometimesconsideredabranchof
(1),istheprocessofwriting,testing,troubleshooting,andmaintainingthe
(2)ofcomputerprograms.Thissourcecodeiswrittenina(3).Thecodemaybea(4)ofanexistingsourceorsomethingcompletelynew.Thepurposeofprogrammingistocreateaprogramthat(5)customization(用户化)toacertaindegree.Theprocessofwritingsourcecodesrequires(6)inmanydifferentsubjects,including(7)oftheapplicationdomain(应用程序域),specializedalgorithms(专业运算法则)andformallogic.
Thereisanongoingdebateontheextenttowhichthewritingofprogramsisanart,acraftoran(8).Thediscipline(9)frommanyothertechnicalprofessionsinthatprogrammersgenerallydonotneedtobelicensedinordertocallthemselves“programmers”oreven“(10)”.
IV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese
1.Anotherongoingdebateistheextenttowhichtheprogramminglanguageusedinwritingprogramsaffectstheformthatthefinalprogramtakes.
2.Assemblylanguageisdesignedtobeeasilytranslatedintomachinelanguage.
3.Machinelanguageinstructionstypicallyusesomebitstorepresentoperations,suchasaddition.
4.Likemachinelanguage,assemblylanguagerequiresdetailedknowledgeofinternalcomputerarchitecture.
5.Computerprogrammingisthecraftofwritinguseful,maintainable,andextensibleinstructions.
5.2ProgrammingLanguages
Aprogramminglanguageisawayforapersontowriteaprogramwithoutwritingdirectlyinbinary.Programminglanguagesaremeanttobereadbyaperson,butacomputermusteithercompileorinterpretthembeforetheycanbeexecuted.
Therearedifferentlevelsofprogramminglanguages.Atthemostbasiclevel(low-level)isassemblylanguage.Thislanguageisjustadirecttranslationofthebinaryinstructionsthecomputerexecutes.Everykindofprocessorarchitecturehasitsownassemblylanguage.
High-levellanguageslookmorelikeEnglishwithmathematicaloperationsthrownin.Theselanguagesrequiremoretranslationbeforethecomputerwillunderstandthem,buttheyaremucheasiertowrite.Here’swhatthesamethingmightlooklikeinahigh-levellanguage:
x:
=1+2;
Theprocessoftranslatingaprogramfromhigh-levellanguagetoassemblylanguagetomachineinstructionsiscalledeithercompilingorinterpreting,dependingonwhichlanguageyouareusing.Somelanguages,includingC,C++,andPascal,requireaseparateprogramcalledacompiler,whichtranslatestheprogramandstoresthemachineinstructionsinafilecalledabinary.
Toruntheprogram,thecomputerexecutesthebinary,andthecomputerfollowstheinstructions.Otherlanguages,likePerl,BASIC,andPython,don’tcreateabinary.Theseinterpretedorscriptinglanguagesuseaseparateprogramcalledaninterpreter,whichtranslatestheprogrameachtimeitisrun.Theseprogramminglanguagesareofteneasiertowritein,butrunslower,duetothefactthattheinstructionsmustbeinterpretedeachtimetheprogramisexecuted.
Afewlanguages,likeJava,C#andsomeolderversionsofPascal,aresemi-interpretedlanguages.Theyarecompilednotinto
binary[]
adj.二进位的,二元
n.二进制
mathematical[]
adj.数学的
throwin
插入;外加
machineinstructions
机器指令
separate[]
adj.分开的,分离的
script[skript]
vt.写剧本,写脚本
n.手稿,剧本
interpreter
[]
n.解释程序
nativemachinecodebutintoaplatform-independent(non-machinespecific)formcalledeitherpseudo-codeorbyte-code.Thecompiledprogramrunsinanenvironmentthatsimulatesacomputer,sometimescalledavirtualmachine.Thesevirtualmachinesareavailableformanydifferentplatforms,andthusthelanguageistermeda“platform-independentinterpretedlanguage”.
Inothercases(likeapplicationsusingadatabase,ornetworkaccess)amajorityofyourapplication’stimeisspentwaitingtoaccessdataorthenetwork,andusinga“faster”compiledlanguagewillnotmakemuchdifference.Infact,thegeneralruleis:
don’tchoosealanguagebecauseit’sfaster.Otherwise,you’dbetteruseassemblylanguagedirectly.Choosealanguageyou’recomfortablewit
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