英语二真题及答案精编版.docx
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英语二真题及答案精编版.docx
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英语二真题及答案精编版
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(二)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplorationofcyber-crimethathas__1__acrosstheWeb.
Canprivacybepreserved__2__bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly__3__?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta__4__tomakethewebasaferplace-a"voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech__5__ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled__6__one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential__7__toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto__8__afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Userscould__9__whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense__10__bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"singlesign-an"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto__11__justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
__12__,theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"incyberspace,withsafe"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa__13__community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith__14__,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure___15___whichthetransactionruns."
Still,theadministration'splanhas___16___privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould___17___beacompulsoryInternet"driver'slicense"mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith___18__bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet__19__TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe__20__toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.[A]swept[B]skipped[C]walked[D]ridden
2.[A]for[B]within[C]while[D]though
3.[A]careless[B]lawless[C]pointless[D]helpless
4.[A]reason[B]reminder[C]compromise[D]proposal
5.[A]information[B]interference[C]entertainment[D]equivalent
6.[A]by[B]into[C]from[D]over
7.[A]linked[B]directed[C]chained[D]compared
8.[A]dismiss[B]discover[C]create[D]improve
9.[A]recall[B]suggest[C]select[D]realize
10.[A]released[B]issued[C]distributed[D]delivered
11.[A]carryon[B]lingeron[C]setin[D]login
12.[A]Invain[B]Ineffect[C]Inreturn[D]Incontrast
13.[A]trusted[B]modernized[C]thriving[D]competing
14.[A]caution[B]delight[C]confidence[D]patience
15.[A]on[B]after[C]beyond[D]across
16.[A]divided[B]disappointed[C]protected[D]united
17.[A]frequently[B]incidentally[C]occasionally[D]eventually
18.[A]skepticism[B]tolerance[C]indifference[D]enthusiasm
19.[A]manageable[B]defendable[C]vulnerable[D]invisible
20.[A]invited[B]appointed[C]allowed[D]forced
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Mrs.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruarythenextyearMrs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup,"leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowsthattheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor__________________.
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits
[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises
[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe__________________.
[A]generousinvestors
[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters
[D]independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprise
departure,thefirmislikelyto__________________.
[A]becomemorestable
[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket
[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors__________________.
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis__________________.
[A]permissive[B]positive
[C]scornful[D]critical
Text2
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.
26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"(Line3,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers________________.
[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause________________.
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecause
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