广州中医药大学博士口语试题及答案Word版.docx
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广州中医药大学博士口语试题及答案Word版.docx
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广州中医药大学博士口语试题及答案Word版
QuestionsforPhDstudents(2014)
1.Shouldacountrygivefreemedicalcaretoitscitizens?
1.Agovernmentshouldprovidemedicalcareforfreebecauseitistherightforallindividuals.Everyonehastherighttolive,toreceivehelptosurvive.Imaginethepoorpeoplecan’taffordevenfortheirfoodanddailyneed,whatwilltheyabletodosavetheirlifewhenfacingdisease.Evensuchsmalldiseaseslikecoldandcoughmaketheirlifeharder,whathappenswhencancerorsomeotherseriousdiseasesoccur?
Tosolvethatproblem,governmentistheanswer.Somepeoplesaycitizenshouldtaketheirresponsibilitynottoleavethegovernmentwithmorepressureanddifficulty.Iremindthemthatcitizenpaytaxestopaygovernmentworkandspendmoneyfortheirhealthinsurance,theyareobligedtogethelpthroughthehardtime.Thegovernment’sresponsibilityistoitspeople-theireducation,theirsafety,especiallytheirhealth.
2.Whyisitimportanttofollowproperprocedureswhenperformingamedicalexperimentorexamination?
2.Beforebeginninganymedicalexperimentorexaminationinalab,themostimportantthingistofollowproperprocedures.Followingproperproceduresusuallyhasmanybenefitssuchasfollowing.Firstofall,itprotectsourpersonalsafetyagainstbeingthreated,suchasnotbeinginfectedornotsufferingfromskinirritation.What’more,followingtheproperproceduresalwaysleadtoaclearandaccuracyexperimentalresultthannot.Lastbutnotleast,almosteachofexperimentsshouldpassthoughtheethicalreviewespeciallystudiesinhuman,whichbecomesacommonstepmustbefollowedintheproceduresnowadays.Notfollowingproperproceduresmaycausemanydamageevencan’tberecognizedimmediately.Firstly,thosewhodonotfollowproperproceduresusuallyhavemorechancestobeexposedindangerofcontactexplosivesubstanceorirritation.Someinjurieswereimmediatelyappeared,however,someonlyshowedupaslateasmanyyearswent.Then,withoutfollowingproperprocedures,theexperimentalresultsusuallycan’tbeidentifiedascomingfromtheexperimentortheerrorimpacts.Finally,suchexperimentsthatwithoutpassingethicalcommitteeusuallycauseseveremedicaldisputes.Allinall,itissoimportanttofollowingproperprocedureswhenperformingthemedicalexperimentorexamination.
3.Whyarepeoplegivenvaccinations?
Howdovaccinationswork?
3.Itisthesafestandmosteffectivewayofgivingprotectionagainstmanydiseases.Aftergivenvaccination,peoplearefarlesslikelytocatchdiseasesiftherearemanycasesaroundthem.Thebenefitsofprotectionagainstdiseasesfaroutweightheverysmallrisksofvaccinations.Ifenoughpeopleinthecommunityaregivenvaccinations,theinfectioncannolongerbespreadfrompersontopersonandthediseasediesoutaltogether.Whenapersonisvaccinated,theirbodyproducesanimmuneresponseinthesamewaytheirbodywouldafterexposuretoadisease,butwithoutthepersonsufferingsymptomsofthedisease.Whenapersoncomesincontactwiththatdiseaseinthefuture,theirimmunesystemwillrespondfastenoughtopreventthepersondevelopingthedisease.
4.Pleasedescribesometypesofpollutionandhowtheyaffectthebody.
4.Airpollutionismostlycausedbyindustriesthatemitgasessuchascarbonmonoxideandsulphurdioxide.Darksmokefromenginesandvehiclesalsoexacerbateouratmosphere’salreadyworseningcondition.Iftheairaroundusgetsconta
minated,theeffectcanbedevastating.Intheshorttime,itcanresulttoupperrespiratoryailmentinhumanslikebronchitisandpneumonia.Italsoaggravatestheconditionofthosewhoarealreadysufferingfromasthmaandemphysema.
Waterpollutionincreaseswhentheindustrialwasteisbeingthrowninriversofseas.itcanleadtosomeharmfulhealthhazardslikeheartdisease.Inworstcases,evendamagetovitalorganslikethebrain,liver,kidney,andnerves.
5.WhataresomedifferencesbetweenWesternmedicineandTraditionalChinesemedicine?
5.TCMandwesternmedicine,thetwosystemsdifferinmanyways.Iwillgivethreeexamples.First,thedefinitionofhealth:
westernmedicinefrequentlyattributessicknesstotheintrusionofaforeignelementsuchasbacteria,viruses,orcancercells,whileTCMoftenviewsillnessanimbalancebetweenthevariousbodilysystems.Second,themethodology,westernmedicinepridesitselfonusingscientificmethodology.Ittakesprecisemeasurements,performscarefullycontrolledexperiments,andusesclinicaltrials.Incontrast,TCMislargelyevidence-based.Itwasfoundedonpre-scientifictheoriesofcauseandeffect,andisdeeplyrootedintheOrientalnotionofopposites:
theyinandyang.Thelastisthediagnosisofdisease,amongthesignificantdifferencesintwosystemsisthemethodofassessingillness.Westerndoctorsexaminebodilyfluidsandtissues,andtheyusehigh-techinstrumentssuchasX-raysandCATscanstoproduceprecisevisualmapsoftheinternalorgans.TCMassessesillnesswithaltogetherdifferentkindsofmeasurements,namely“looking”,”listeningandsmelling”,“asking”and“touching”.
6.Doyoubelievemusiccanhavehealingeffectsonpatients?
Ifyes,whattypeofeffectscanithave?
6.Ibelievethatmusiccanhavehealingeffectsonpatients.MusicTherapyisanestablishedhealthcareprofessionthatusesmusictoaddressphysical,emotionalandsocialneedsofindividualsofallages.Manyresearcheshaveshownthatmusichasaprofoundeffectonourbodyandpsyche.MusicTherapistusemusictoworkonpromotingwellness,managingstress,alleviatingpain,enhancingmemory,improvingcommunication,promotingphysicalrehabilitation.Thosewhopracticemusictherapyarefindingabenefitinusingmusictohelpcancerpatients,childrenwithADD,andothers.Evensomehospitalsarebeginningtousemusicandmusictherapytohelpwithpainmanagement,tohelpwardoffdepression,topromotemovement,tocalmpatients,toeasemuscletension,andformanyotherbenefitsthatmusicandmusictherapycanbring.
7.Doyouthinkancientdoctorsandphilosophersunderstandnatureandmanbetterthanmoderndoctorsandphilosophers?
7.Tomostpeople,moderndoctorsandphilosophersareknownasscientistsmorewidelyacceptedandformsthestreamtowardnatureandman.WhileIhaveutmostrespectfortheadvancementmoderndoctorsandphilosophershavemadeuntiltoday,Ihavecomeacrossenoughcasesthatmakesmeconvincedthatancientdoctorsandphilosophersisthesuperiorchoicetomoderndoctorsandphilosopherswhenitcomestounderstandnatureandman.Fistofall,ancientdoctorsandphilosophersaddressedthequestionofhowhumanbeingsshouldsecurethe‘goodlife’andhowto‘livewell’,thatis,thecapacitytoliveaswellasonemayinwaysthatareappropriateforrationalandconscientiousbeings.What’smore,”philosophy”fortheancientsencompassedawiderrangeofintellectualactivitiesandapproachesthanthosenowadays.Lastbutnotleast,moderndoctorsandphilosophersdon’tseemtohavesuchabilityabove,mostofthemaremorelikelytorelyoninstrumentexamination.Allinall,ancientdoctorsandphilosophersunderstandnatureandmanbetterthanmoderndoctorsandphilosophers.
8.Howmanyhoursshouldapersonsleeponaverageeverynight?
Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?
8.Apersonfunctionsbestshouldsleep7-8hoursonaverageeverynight.Andthesleeprequirementisrelevanttoperson’sage.Inotherwords,itisimportanttoconsiderhowmuchsleepyouneedonanindividualbasis,andthisvariesbaseduponmanyfactorssuchasthequalityofsleepobtained,stateofgeneralhealth,levelsofstress,orfatigueduetoprolongedexertion.However,arecentresearchstudyfoundthatsleepinglessthan6hoursormorethan9hoursadayhadanincreasedincidenceofdiabetes,comparedtothosewhoslept7-8hours.Whattimeshouldapersongotosleepandrise?
Westernmedicinesuggestsearlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy.Therearenumerousreasonsforthatsaying,suchasgoingtosleepearlyisveryimportantfortheliver’shealth,isgoodforourantibodysystem.However,traditionalChinesemedicineemphasizethatthetimetogotosleepandriseshouldbeadjustedtofollowthechangeofdifferentseasons.Forexample,peopleshouldgotosleepearlyintheeveningandriselateinthemorninginwinterinordertostoreenergyinourphysicalbody.
9.Whatorgansareaffectedbysmokingandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?
9.Theeffectsofsmokingareserious.Itcanharmnearlyeveryorganofbody.Thechemicalintobaccosmokeharmourbloodcellsanddamagethefunctionofourheart.Thisdamageincreasesourriskforatherosclerosis,coronaryheartdisease(CHD),heartattack,stroke.Cigarettecoulddamageourbreathingandscarsourlungs.Smokingcauses:
chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(COPD),emphysema,chronicbronchitis,pneumonia.Smokingisasbadforoureyes.Researchhaslinkedsmokingtoanincreasedriskofdevelopingage-relatedmaculardegeneration,cataractandopticnervedamage,allofwhichcanleadtoblindness.Smokingisoneofmanyfactorsthatincreaseourriskforosteoporosis.Smokingcigaretteisthenumberoneriskfactorforlungcancer,andisknowntocause:
bladdercancer,bloodandbonemarrowcancer,cervicalcancer,kidneyandureteralcancers,esophagealcancer,laryngealcancer,trachealcancer,mouth,nose,andthroatcancer,stomachcancer,pancreaticcancerandsoon.
10.Whatorgansareaffectedbydrinkingalcoholandwhichdiseasescanbecaused?
10.Thealcoholcanharmnearlyeveryorganofthebodysuchasbrain,heart,liver,pancreas,stomach,andsoon.A
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