The Face Issues in Intercultural Communication Between Chinese and American.docx
- 文档编号:9338768
- 上传时间:2023-02-04
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:21
- 大小:30.52KB
The Face Issues in Intercultural Communication Between Chinese and American.docx
《The Face Issues in Intercultural Communication Between Chinese and American.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《The Face Issues in Intercultural Communication Between Chinese and American.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
TheFaceIssuesinInterculturalCommunicationBetweenChineseandAmerican
The Face Issues in Intercultural Communication Between Chinese and American
目录
Abstract:
1
Keywords2
Introduction2
1.1Backgroundinformation3
1.2ResearchPurposesandSignificance5
1.3FaceinChineseandAmericanCultures5
1.4ImportanceofFaceinCross-culturalCommunication7
1.5AdviceonFaceProblemsinCross-culturalCommunication8
1.5.1Principles9
1.5.2Strategiesinlearningasecondlanguage10
1.5.3Culturalsensitivity12
1.5.4Others13
1.6OrganizationoftheThesis13
2.1ConceptofCultures14
2.1.1ErvingGoffman’sopiniononfaceperspective14
2.1.2Brown&Levinson’sopiniononfaceperspective15
2.2ChineseCultures17
2.3AmericanCultures21
2.4CultureDifferenceandTheirCollisioninCommunication24
TheChinesefaceperspective25
TheAmericanNegativeFace&reasons26
TheChinesePositiveFace&reasons27
TheAmericanequality&reasons29
TheChinesehierarchy&reasons31
References32
Abstract:
Face,oneessentialpartofculture,hasgreatinfluenceonculturecollision.Politenessisasymbolofhumancivilizationandthefeatureofallthecivilizedsociety.Itisnotonlyuniversalbutalsoculturallyspecific.TwocountrieslikeAmericaandChinahavedifferentcultureswhichleadtodifferentrealizationonpoliteness.Asonetheoryofpolitenessprinciple,thefaceperspectiveisalsodifferent.ThepaperintroducesthedifferentfaceperspectivesbetweenAmericaandChinaandanalyzesculturaldifferencesbehindthemandtheircorrespondingreasons.Atfirst,thispapertriestointroducedifferentconceptsoffacebetweenAmericaandChinabyquotingandanalyzingsomescholars’opinionsonface,suchasGoffman,Brown&LevinsonandHuHsienchin’s.Nextstep,thispapertriestodiscusstheculturalconflictsbehinddifferentconceptsofface,forinstance,AmericanindividualismandChinesecollectivism,AmericannegativefaceandChinesepositivefaceandAmericanequalityandChinesehierarchy,andanalyzesthereasonsfromdifferentaspectsincludinghistory,culture,thinkingpatterns,nationalcharactersandtraditionalideology,etc.Finally,inordertoreducebarrierscausedbydifferentconceptsoffaceincross-culturalcommunication,thispaperfurthersuggeststhatitisnecessarytounderstandmutualdifferentconceptsoffacebytryingtobedirectwhenamongtheAmericansandtryingtobeeuphemisticwhenamongtheChinese.AndthepaperalsobelievesthatbasedonbetterunderstandingofmutualfaceperspectivesandmoreeffectivecommunicationbetweenAmericaandChina,thefriendshipbetweenthetwocountrieswillbepromoted.
Keywords
Cross-culturalcommunication;culturaldifference;faceperspective;
Introduction
Politenessisasymbolofhumancivilizationandthefeatureofallthecivilizedsociety.Politenesswhichisthoughttobeoneofthemoralaspectsisreferredtothepracticalapplicationofgoodmannersoretiquette.Itisaculturally-definedphenomenon,andthereforewhatisconsideredpoliteinoneculturecansometimesbequiterudeorsimplyeccentricinanotherculturalcontext.Similarly,faceperspective,asoneofthebasicfactorsofpoliteness,isunexceptionallydifferentunderthedifferentculturalcontextsinChinaandAmerica.Ifpeopleknownothingaboutthesedifferences,theywon’tbeabletohaveeffectivecommunicationininterculturalcontext.
Inthisthesis,culturaldifferencesbetweenAmericanandChinesefaceperspectivesarediscussedinthreeaspects:
theintroductionofdifferentconceptsoffaceunderdifferentculturalbackgroundsbetweenAmericaandChina,theanalysisofculturaldifferencesreflectedbydifferentconceptsoffaceandtheircauses,andsomesuggestionstoreducebarrierscausedbydifferentconceptsoffaceincross-culturalcommunicationsoastopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenthetwonations.
1.1Backgroundinformation
AftertheSecondWorldWar,peoplefindthattheearthbecomessmallerandsmaller:
politiciansfromeachcountryarebusyincommunicationontheinterculturalstage;internationalcompaniesarefoundeverywhere;scientistsandscholarsexistininternationalacademicforum;moreandmorepeoplevisitforeigncountries,Chineseteachersstandontheplatformofforeigncountries,ect.Allinall,Internationalcommunicationbecomessofrequent.
Atthesametime,wecanseetheconflictsandproblemsininterculturalcommunicationagainandagain:
onecountry’spresidentthinkthatthegesturemeansfriendly,butitenragesanothercountry’speople;somebusinessmenfromforeigncountriescometoChinatodobusinessbutfailedandleftwithcomplaint;theteacherscomingfromEnglandandAmericasayChinesestudentsdon’tcooperatewiththem;someChinesepeoplegotoAmericatostudy,but,afterashorttime,theygiveuptheplan,andcomebacktoChina……
Withthefurtherdevelopmentofthereformandopeningtotheoutsideworld,thepeopleandthematterinwesternsocietieshavecomeintoourvisualfieldmoreandmore.Underthesituation,theeconomicandthesocialcommunicationindifferentcountries,differentnationalitiesanddifferentculturesbecomeapartofpeople’slife.Thisgivesusachancetogetintouchwithwesternpeopleandthisisagoodthingfordeepeningourunderstandingofwesternsociety.But,thisisnotaneasything.Becausethethingswefacearecomingfromstrangeculturesandcountries,andthepeoplewecommunicatewitharedifferentfromusinthinking,lifecustom,andbehavior.Itisunavoidableforthephenomenonofcultureconflictstoappearinthecourseofcommunicatingwithothers.Chinesepeoplecherishfaceasdignityorevenaslife.It’snotdifficultfortheinterculturalinteractantstolearnandremembertheimportanceoffacebecauseitisuniversal.Forinstance,Americanspayattentiontofaceproblemstoo.
1.2ResearchPurposesandSignificance
Facehasbeenmentionedinbooksofcross-culturalCommunication,butitonlytakearathersmallpartasthesubordinatematerial.Thisthesisintendstocollectasmanydataaspossibleinordertoattractpeople’sattentiononfaceproblemsincommunicationandlessculturalshockonfacewillhappenintheinterculturalcommunication.
1.3FaceinChineseandAmericanCultures
AccordingtoHuHsienchin,aChineseanthropologist,facerepresentsimportantsocialreputationwhichpeoplegainthroughtheircontinuoushardworkingandwisdomintheirlifeexperience.Itisanimportantandtypicalsocialpsychologicalphenomenon.Chinesehavealwaysbeenvaluingface.Fromtheirpointofview,faceissoimportant,sometimesevenasimportantaslife.(1944)
Chinesefaceisdividedintotwocharacters,onestandingforhonourandreputationandtheotherself-esteemanddignity.ThetwoaresomethingthatChinesepeoplewillpayatanypriceandatanytimetoprotect.
Facecanbethoughtasinvisibleface.JustlikewhatMr.LinYutangsaid“Chinesepeople’sfacecanbewashed,shaved,lost,given,foughtandsaved.”(1941:
139)Nomatterhowrichorpooronepersonis,nomatterinwhatsocialhierarchyonepersonis,theyallneedtoprotecttheirface.
Wheninteractingwithpeople,Chinesealwaystrytoprotectboththeirownfaceandotherpeople’sface.Theyalwaysdisparagethemselvesandelevateothers.Evenifwhentheyhavetocriticizepeople,theywillcomplimentthemfirstandthenpointouttheirshortcomings.TheChinesefacevaluehasbeenwellobservedforthousandsofyearsjustbecauseof“li”,anideologyadvocatedbyConfucianismanddeeplyinfluencingChinesepeople.Inaccordancewiththisdoctrine,peopleshouldbeself-restrainedandconsiderateandlovingoneanother.Lireferstorightconductinmaintainingone’splaceinthehierarchicalorder.LiisnowusedbytheaverageChinesetomeandecorum.Oneimportantwaytobedecorousistoacceptandrespecteachothertopreserveface.Inthisway,theycanmaintainharmoniousrelationshipswithotherpeople.
Faceisuniversal.Americanspayattentiontofaceproblemstoo.AmericanscholarGoffman(1967-5)defined“facea”as‘thepositivesocialvalueapersoneffectivelyclaimsforhimselfbythelineothersassumehehastakenduringaparticularcontact.”Giventheconstantshiftingofgroupmemberships,attentionincreasinglyfocusedonindividualsinsteadofongroup’sintegrity,andharmonyrarelyattainedthesignificanceforAmericans.Solongasonedidn’tobstructothers,hecoulddowhateverhewanted.Andthen,individualparticularlifestylewasvaluedandindividualfeeling,desireandprivacywererespected.Respectingindividualfreedom,rightsandindependencewasactuallypolite.Otherwise,it’snot.
1.4ImportanceofFaceinCross-culturalCommunication
Cross-culturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewithdifferentculturalbackgrounds,namelywhatwasgoingonbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgroundsinteract.Withthedevelopmentofsocialeconomy,peoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgroundsbetweenthecooperationmoreandmorefrequent.Modernsocietywithitsadvancedtechnologyhasbroughtbusinessmenconsiderablycloserandmoreopportunitiesfordoingbusinesswitheachother.PeopleinEasterncountrieswatchthemoviesproducedbythewest;whiletheWesternconsumerswearclothesmadeintheeasterncountries.Asaconsequence,cross-culturalcommunicationisbecomemoreandmoreimportantinourlife.
Communicationisanimportantmeanofexpressingyourselfbecauseitexistsdifferentwaysofexpressionandsodifferentkindofcommunicationdependingonthecultureyoubelongingto.
Thewayofcommunicatingwillnotbethesameasothercountriesanditisimportanttoknowsomevalues
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- The Face Issues in Intercultural Communication Between Chinese and American
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)
链接地址:https://www.bdocx.com/doc/9338768.html