必修五Unit 1 Great scientists 同步练习.docx
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必修五Unit 1 Great scientists 同步练习.docx
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必修五Unit1Greatscientists同步练习
Unit1Greatscientists能力训练
●完形填空
Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver. Hemakesfull 1 ofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn’tacceptideaswhicharenot 2 onobviousfacts,andthereforerefusesto acceptauthority(权威)astheonly 3 fortruth. Healways 4 ideascarefullyandmakesexperimentstoprovethem.
Theriseof 5 sciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto 6 asfarbackasthe 7 ofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholived 8 theyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddle 9 tosuggestthatweshouldlearnscience 10 observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus,andhehimself 11 manyimportantdiscoveries.
Galileo,however,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmen, 12 livedinItaly,France,Germany,orEngland,beganby 13 toshowhowmanyimportant
14 couldbediscoveredbyobservation.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmore 15 towardstheearththansmallones, 16 Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe 17 oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo 18 stonesandprovedAristotlewaswrong. ItwasGalileo’s 19 ofgoingdirecttoNature,andprovingour 20 andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathasledtoallthediscoveriesofmodernscience.
1.A.use B.time C.speed D.trust
1.答案:
A
提示:
makefulluseof为固定短语,意为“充分利用”。
这里指充分采用他所观察的事实。
2.A.worked B.based C.lived D.written
2.答案:
B
提示:
bebasedon意思为“以……为根据”。
这里指以明显的事实为依据。
3.A.reason B.cause C.advice D.result
3.答案:
A
提示:
这里表述的是他不认为权威就是真理的理由。
cause强调的是“根源”,reason强调的是“理由”。
4.A.thinks B.checks C.has D.learn
4.答案:
B
提示:
根据后面的内容,可以推知他总是仔细审核观点并做试验来验证。
5.A.natural B.physical C.ancient D.modern
5.答案:
D
提示:
从此句后半部分以及本文最后一句可以知道应该是指现代科学。
6.A.date B.keep C.look D.take
6.答案:
A
提示:
dateback(to...)为固定短语,意思是“追溯到……时间”。
符合题意。
7.A.study B.time C.year D.birth
7.答案:
B
提示:
此处time意思是“时代、时期”。
8.A.bothB.eachC.betweenD.among
8.答案:
C
提示:
根据句意,此处指的是生活在1214年和1292年之间,而不是生活在这两年,故答案应该选C。
9.A.SchoolsB.AgesC.DaysD.Countries
9.答案:
B
提示:
此处theMiddleAges是指“中世纪”,age意思是“时代、时期”。
10.A.inB.withC.onD.by
10.答案:
D
提示:
此处句意为“我们必须通过对我们周围的事情进行观察和做实验来学科学”。
另外,on和by都有“靠、凭借”的意思,但是on后常常接名词或代词;by后接动名词。
11.A.didB.madeC.tookD.gave
11.答案:
B
提示:
makeadiscovery为固定短语,意思是“发现”。
在此符合题意。
12.A.whoB.whenC.thatD.where
12.答案:
A
提示:
此处who引导一个定语从句,who指代前面的thegreatest(ofseveralgreatmen)。
13.A.waysB.degreesC.levelsD.chance
13.答案:
B
提示:
此处bydegrees为一个固定短语,相当于gradually,意思是“渐渐地、逐渐地”。
在此符合题意。
14.A.truthsB.problemsC.peopleD.subjects
14.答案:
A
提示:
根据语境,此处是指通过观察、实验来发现真理(truth),而不是问题。
15.A.slowlyB.rapidlyC.lightlyD.heavily
15.答案:
B
提示:
此处讲述的是在伽利略之前的所谓有学问的科学家的观点,而这种想法后来被伽利略证明是错误的。
16.A.whenB.becauseC.althoughD.if
16.答案:
B
提示:
这里所说的“largebodiesfellmorerapidlytowardstheearththansmallones”的观点,其实是指当时亚里斯多德的观点,当时人们都把他当作权威。
17.A.placeB.footC.topD.ceiling
17.答案:
C
提示:
此处指这一试验是在比萨斜塔的顶上进行的,因此答案应该填C项。
18.A.bigB.smallC.equalD.unequal
18.答案:
D
提示:
根据上文所说的,人们相信大物体总比小物体下落快。
为了做实验来验证亚里斯多德的这一观点,伽利略到比萨斜塔的顶上同时放下两个体积不等的石块。
19.A.spiritB.skillC.theoryD.discovery
19.答案:
A
提示:
从上文可以看出,这就是伽利略直接走向大自然的精神,也正是由于伽利略这一深入事物本质,并通过实验证明观点和理论的精神引领了所有现代科学的发现。
此处spirit意思是“精神”。
20.A.plansB.opinionsC.worldD.ability
20.答案:
B
提示:
此处opinion意思是“观点”。
伽利略证明我们的观点和理论的精神引领了所有现代科学的发现。
●阅读理解
A
Whateverourdifferencesashumanbeingsare,weallthinkwe’remoreliketherestoftheanimalworldthanwerealize.Itissaidthatweshare40percentofourgeneticstructurewiththesimpleworm.ButthatfacthashelpedSirJohnSulstonwinthe2002NobelPrizeforMedicine. SirJohnisthefounderoftheSangerInstituteinCambridge,whichwassetupin1992togetfurtherunderstandingofthehumangenome.Tohelpthemdothis,theyturnedtotheworm.Thenematode(线虫类的)wormisoneoftheearliestcreaturesonearth.Itislessthanonemillimeterlog,completelytransparent(透明的)andspendsitsentirelife-diggingholesthroughsand.Butitstillhaslotstosayabouthumanlife,andwhatcanbedonetomakeitbetter.
WhatthewormtoldSirJohnandhiscolleagueswasthateachofthecellsinthehumanbodyisprogrammedlikeacomputer.Theygrow,developanddieaccordingtoasetofinstructionsthatarecodedinourgeneticmake-up.
Manyofthediseasesthathumanssufferfromhappenwhentheseinstructionsgowrongorarenotobeyed.Whenthecellrefusestodiebutcarriesongrowinginstead,thisleadstocancer.HeartattacksanddiseaseslikeAIDScausemorecelldeathsthannormal,increasingthedamagetheydotothebody.SirJohnwasthefirstscientisttoprovetheexistenceofprogrammedcelldeath.
1.SirJohnSulstongotaNobelPrizeforMedicinebecausehehas_____.
A.foundthathumanbeingsaresimilartotheworm
B.gotthefactweshare40percentofourgeneticstructurewiththesimpleworm
C.foundthecomputerwhichcontrolseachofthecellsinthehumanbody
D.provedthatcelldeathisprogrammed
1.答案:
D
提示:
根据文章第二段以及文章最后一句可以判断出只有D项符合题意。
2.Peoplemightbeseriouslyillifthecellsintheirbody_______.
A.growwithoutbeinginstructedB.dieregularly
C.failtofollowpeople’sinstructions
D.developinthehumanbody
2.答案:
A
提示:
根据最后一段第一句“Manyofthediseasesthathumanssufferfromhappenwhentheseinstructionsgowrongorarenotobeyed.”可以得出只有A项符合题意。
3.Theunderlinedword“they”refersto“________”.
A.celldeathsB.diseasesC.instructionsD.cells
3.答案:
B
提示:
根据最后一段倒数第二句“HeartattacksanddiseaseslikeAIDScausemorecelldeathsthannormal,increasingthedamagetheydotothebody.”理解可判断出they指代的是前面的diseases。
4.Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?
A.Thetheoryofprogrammedcelldeaths.
B.Agreatscientist—SirJohnSulston.
C.Theprogrammedhumanlife.D.Thegeneticstructure.
4.答案:
A
提示:
根据文章最后一段最后一句“SirJohnwasthefirstscientisttoprovetheexistenceofprogrammedcelldeath.”可以推知此答案。
B
Whatmakesapersonascientist?
Doeshehavewaysortoolsoflearningthataredifferentfromthoseofothers?
Theansweris“no”.Itisn’tthetoolsascientistusesbuthowheusesthesetoolswhichmakehimascientist.Youwillprobablyagreethatknowinghowtouseapowerisimportanttoacarpenter(木匠).Youwillprobablyagree,too,thatknowinghowtoinvestigate(调查),howtodiscoverinformation,isimportanttoeveryone.Thescientist,however,goesonestepfurther;hemustbesurethathehasareasonableanswertohisquestionsandthathisanswerhegetstomanyquestionsisintoalargesetofideasabouthowtheworldworks.
Thescientist’sknowledgemustbeexact.There’snoroomforhalfrightorrightjusthalfthetime.Hemustbeasnearlyrightastheconditionspermit.Whatworksunderonesetofconditionsatonetimemustworkunderthesameconditionsatothertimes.Iftheconditionsaredifferent,anychangesthescientistobservesinademonstration(实证)mustbeexplainedbythechangesintheconditions.Thisisonereasonwhyinvestigationsareimportantinscience.AlbertEinstein,whodevelopedtheTheoryofRelativity,arrivedatthistheorythroughmathematics.Theaccuracy(正确性)ofhismathematicswaslatertestedthroughinvestigation.Einstein’sideaswereprovedtobecorrect.Ascientistusesmanytoolsformeasurements.Thenthemeasurementsareusedtomakemathematicalcalculations(计算)thatmaytesthisinvestigations.
5.Whatmakesascientistaccordingtothepassage?
A.Thetoolsheuses.B.Hiswaysoflearning.
C.Thewayheuseshistools.D.Thevarioustoolsheuses.
5.答案:
C
提示:
由第一段“Itisn't...but howheuses...scientist”可知答案选C。
6.“...knowinghowtoinvestigate,howtodiscoverinformation,isimportanttoeveryone.”Thewritersaysthistoshow_______.
A.theimportanceofinformation
B.thedifferencebetweenscientistsandordinarypeople
C.theimportanceofthinking
D.thedifferencebetweencarpentersandordinarypeople
6.答案:
C
提示:
第一段“...knowinghowtoinvestigate...”强调知道怎样去调查,去获取信息,即一种思考的过程,暗示思维的重要性。
7.Asoundscientifictheoryshouldbeonethat_______.
A.worksunderonesetofconditionsatonetimeandalsoworksunderthesameconditionsatothertimes
B.doesn’tallowanychangeevenunderdifferentconditions
D.canbeusedformanypurposes
7.答案:
A
提示:
由第二段“Whatworks...times”可知。
8.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.Scientistsaredifferentfromordinarypeople.
B.TheTheoryofRelativity.
C.Exactnessisthecore(核心)ofscience.
D.Exactnessandwayofusingtoolsarethekeystomakingofascientist.8.答案:
D
提示:
文章第一段主要讲述合理利用工具的重要性,第二段主要说明准确的重要性。
故选D项。
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