Renaissance in England.docx
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Renaissance in England.docx
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RenaissanceinEngland
RenaissanceinEngland
BriefIntroduction
TheLastSupperisa15thcenturymuralpaintinginMilancreatedbyLeonardodaVinciforhispatronDukeLudovicoSforzaandhisduchessBeatriced'Este.Thepaintingmeasures460×880centimeters(15feet×29feet)andcoversthebackwallofthedininghallatSantaMariadelleGrazieinMilan,Italy.
ItrepresentsthesceneofLastSupperfromthefinaldaysofJesusasnarratedintheGospelofJohn,theeveningbeforeChristwasbetrayedbyoneofhisdisciples,hegatheredthemtogethertoeat,tellthemheknewwhatwascomingandwashtheirfeet(agesturesymbolizingthatallwereequalundertheeyesoftheLord).Astheyateanddranktogether,Christgavethedisciplesexplicitinstructionsonhowtoeatanddrinkinthefuture,inremembranceofhim.ItwasthefirstcelebrationoftheEucharist,aritualstillperformed.
Specifically,LastSupperdepictsthenextfewsecondsinthisstoryafterChristdroppedthebombshellthatonedisciplewouldbetrayhimbeforesunrise,andalltwelvehavereactedtothenewswithdifferentdegreesofhorror,angerandshock.
Background
Ⅰ.Briefintroductionoftheauthor
LeonardodaVinci(April15,1452–May2,1519)hasoftenbeendescribedasthearchetypeofthe"Renaissanceman",amanwhoseseeminglyinfinitecuriositywasequalledonlybyhispowersofinvention.Heiswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthegreatestpaintersofalltimeandperhapsthemostdiverselytalentedpersonevertohavelived.
In1482Leonardo,whowasamosttalentedmusician,createdasilverlyreintheshapeofahorse'shead.Leonardowassent,bearingthelyreasagift,toMilan,tosecurepeacewithLudovicoilMoro,DukeofMilan.AtthistimeLeonardowroteanoften-quotedlettertoLudovico,describingthemanymarvellousanddiversethingsthathecouldachieveinthefieldofengineeringandinformingtheLordthathecouldalsopaint.
LeonardoworkedforLudovicoSforza,DukeofMilan,fornearlyeighteenyears(1482-99).TheDukedecidedhewantedthisparticularreligiousscenepaintedinthemonasteryofSantaMariadelleGrazie,andLeonardowhohadaperfectfinancialsensedecidedtopaintit.
Leonardobelievedthatrealityinanabsolutesenseisinaccessibletomanandthatwecanknowitonlythroughitschangingimages.Thus,heconsideredtheeyestobeman’smostvitalorgans,andsighthismostessentialfunction,sincethroughthesemancangrasptheimagesofrealitymostdirectlyandprofoundly.Hence,onemayunderstandLeonardo’sinsistence,statedmanytimesinhisnotes,thatallhisscientificinvestigationsweremerelyaimedatmakinghimselfabetterpainter.
Ⅱ.TheLastSupper(AccordingtoNewTestament:
GospelAccordingtoJohn)
Thedayofunleavenedbreadcame,onwhichthePassovermustbesacrificed.TheLordsentPeterandJohn,saying,"GoandpreparethePassoverforus,thatwemayeat."Theysaidtohim,"Wheredoyouwantustoprepare?
"Hesaidtothem,"Behold,whenyouhaveenteredintothecity,amancarryingapitcherofwaterwillmeetyou.Followhimintothehousewhichheenters.Tellthemasterofthehouse,'TheTeachersaystoyou,"Whereistheguestroom,whereImayeatthePassoverwithmydisciples?
"'Hewillshowyoualarge,furnishedupperroom.Makepreparationsthere."
Theywent,foundthingsashehadtoldthem,andtheypreparedthePassover.Whenthehourhadcome,hesatdownwiththetwelveapostles.Hesaidtothem,"IhaveearnestlydesiredtoeatthisPassoverwithyoubeforeIsuffer,forItellyou,IwillnolongerbyanymeanseatofituntilitisfulfilledintheKingdomofGod."Hereceivedacup,andwhenhehadgiventhanks,hesaid,"Takethis,andshareitamongyourselves,forItellyou,Iwillnotdrinkatallagainfromthefruitofthevine,untiltheKingdomofGodcomes."
Hetookbread,andwhenhehadgiventhanks,hebrokeit,andgavetothem,saying,"Thisismybodywhichisgivenforyou.Dothisinmemoryofme."Likewise,hetookthecupaftersupper,saying,"Thiscupisthenewcovenantinmyblood,whichispouredoutforyou.Butbehold,thehandofhimwhobetraysmeiswithmeonthetable.TheSonofManindeedgoes,asithasbeendetermined,butwoetothatmanthroughwhomheisbetrayed!
"Theybegantoquestionamongthemselves,whichofthemitwaswhowoulddothisthing.
Reputation
Inspiteofitsruinedstate,inparttheresultofthepainter’sownunfortuanteexperimentswithhismaterialsandalthoughithasoftenbeenineptlyrestored,theLastSupperisbothformallyandemotionallyhismostimpressivework.ItisthefirstgreatfigurecompositionoftheRenaissance.
TheLastSupperwasatonceasynthesisoftheartisticdevelopmentsofthefifteenthcenturyandafirststatementoftheHighRenaissancestyleoftheearlysixteenthinItaly.Anditalsobeginstherhetoricofclassicalartthatwilldirectthecompositionofgenerationsofpaintersuntilthenineteenthcentury.
FeatureAnalysis
Ⅰ.Theconjunctionofdramaticwordsandceremonyinitiation
Christandthetwelvedisciplesareseatedinasimple.spaciusroom,atalongtablesetparalleltothepictureplane.Thehighlydramaticactionofthepaintingismadestillmoreemphaticbytheplacementofthegroupintheausterelyquietsetting.Christ,withoutstretchedhands,hasjustsaid,”oneofyouwillbetrayme.”Awaveofintenseexcitementpassesthroughthegroupaseachdiscipleaskshimselfand,insomecaseshisneibour,”IsitI?
”
Leonardohasmadeabrilliantconjunctionofthedramatic”oneofyouwillbetrayme”withtheinitiationoftheancientliturgicalceremonyoftheEucharist,WhenChristblessingbreadandwine,said”Thisismybodyandthisismyblood:
dothisinremembranceofme.”Theforceandluciditywithshichthisdramaticmomentisexpressedareduetotheabstractorganizationofthecomposition.
Ⅱ.Theconjunctionofactionandpsychologicalfocus
InthecenterChristisinperfectrepose,thestilleyeoftheswirlingemotionaroundhim.Isolatedfromthediscipleshisfigureisframedbythecentralwindowattheback,thecurvedpedimentofwhich(theonlycurveinthearchitecturalframeworkandhereservingasahalo)archesabovehishead,whichisthefocalpointallperspectivelinesinthecomposition.
LeonardocreatesarealisticandpsychologicallyengagingmeanstoexplainwhyJudastakesthebreadatthesametimeasJesus,justafterJesushaspredictedthatthisiswhathisbetrayerwilldo.TheanglesandlightingdrawattentiontoJesus,whoseheadislocatedatthevanishingpointforallperspectivelines.
Thus,thestill,psychologicalfocusandcauseoftheactionisatthesametimetheperspectivefocusaswellasthedeadcenterofthetwo-dimensionalsurface;onecouldsaythatthetwo-dimensional,thethree-dimensional,andthepsychodimensionalfocusesareoneandthesame.
Ⅲ.Elaboratearrangementofeachfigure
Lookingacrossthepicturefromlefttoright:
Bartholomew,JamesMinorandAndrewformagroupofthree.Allareaghast,Andrewtothepointofholdinghishandsupina"stop!
"gesture.
Judas,PeterandJohnformthenextgroupofthree.Judashashisfaceinshadowandisclutchingasmallbag.Peterisvisiblyangryandafeminine-looking.Johnseemsabouttoswoon..
Christisthecalminthemidstofthestorm.
Thomas,JamesMajorandPhiliparenext.Thomasisclearlyagitated,JamesMajorstunnedandPhilipseemstobeseekingclarification.
Matthew,ThaddeusandSimoncomprisethelastgroupofthreefigures.Itappearsthat,whenasituationturnsugly,Simonisthe"goto"guyforexplanations.
Leonardothoughtofeachfigureascarryingaparticularchargeandtypeofemotion.Likeaskilledstagedirector—perhapsthefirstinthemodernsense—hehascarefullyreadthegospelstoryandscrupulouslycasthisactorsastheirrolesaredescribed.
Ⅳ.Pictorialanddramaticconsistency
JudasonthesamesideofthetableasJesusandtheotherdisciples.Hisfaceinshadow,heclutchesamoneybaginhisrighthandandrechesforwardhislefttofilfilltheMaster’sdeclaration:
“Behold,thehandofhimthatbetraythmeiswithmeonthetable.”Thetwodisciplesateitherendofthetablearemorequietthantheothers,asiftoenclosetheoverollmovement,whichismoreintenseclosertothefigureofChrist,whosecalmatthesametimehaltsandintensifiesit.
“Theoriginalimpulseandtheemotionalexcitementcontinuetoechoandtheactionisatoncemomentary,eternalandcomplete.”(HeinrichWǒlfflin)Thetwomajortrendsoffifteenth-centurypainting—monumentalityandmathematicllyorderedspaceattheexpenseofmovement,andfreedomofmovementattheexpenseofmonumentalityandcontrolledspace—arehereharmonizedandbalanced.
Ⅴ.Conjunctionofthedramaticandrealisticelements
IncommonwithotherdepictionsofTheLastSupperfromthisperiod,Leonardoadoptstheconventionofseatingthedinersononesideofthetable,sothatnoneofthemhavetheirbackstotheviewer.However,mostpreviousdepictionshadtypicallyexcludedJudasbyplacinghimaloneontheoppositesideofthetablefromtheotherelevendisciplesandJesus.AnothertechniquecommonlyusedwasplacinghalosaroundallthedisciplesexceptJudas.LeonardocreatesamoredramaticandrealisticeffectbyhavingJudasleanbackintoshadow.
Thethemewasatraditionaloneforrefectories,butLeonardo'sinterpretationgaveitmuchgreaterrealismanddepth.Thelunettesabovethemainpainting,formedbythetriplearchedceilingoftherefectory,arepaintedwithSforzacoats-of-arms.TheoppositewalloftherefectoryiscoveredbytheCrucifixionfrescobyGiovanniDonatodaMontorfano,towhichLeonardoaddedfiguresoftheSforzafamilyintempera.(Thesefigureshave
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