英美文学关键内容.docx
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英美文学关键内容.docx
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英美文学关键内容
英美文学关键内容
Alliteration
Alliterationisregularrepetitionofthesamesounds---usu.Initialconsonantsofwordsor
ofstressedsyllables---inOldandMiddleEnglishverse.
・BigBen
*SuperSonic
«MickeyMouse
IambicPentameter
Iambicpentameterisameterinpoetry,consistingoflineswithfivefeet(hence"
pentameter")inwhichtheiambisthedominantfoot(hence"Iambic").IambicrhythmsarequiteeasytowriteinEnglishandiambicpentameterisamongthemostcommonmetricalformsinEnglishpoetry.LiketherestofthemetersithasitsoriginsinGreekpoetry.
da-DUMda-DUMda-DUMda-DUMda-DUM(weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG)
Was-THISthe-FACEthat-LAUNCH'Da-THOUsand-SHIPS
Rhyme
Rhymeistheechoorcoincidenceofsoundsattheendoftheline.Itisasimilarityofsoundbetweenwords,suchasmoon,spoon,croon,tune,andJune.Rhymeisoftenemployedinverse.
Loveliestoftrees,thecherrynow
Ishungwithbloomalongthebough,
Andstandsaboutthewoodlandride
WearingwhiteforEastertide.
Stanza
Stanzaisarecurrentgroupingoftwoormorelinesofapoemintermsoflength,metricalform,and,often,rhymescheme.ThemorecommonstanzaicformsareA.couplet双行
B.tercet三行,C.quatrain(balladstanza民歌韵段),D.rhymeroyal御韵(7行抑扬格5步,韵式ababbcc),E.ottava(8行抑扬格5步,韵式abababcc),F.the
Spenserianstanza斯宾塞韵段(9行---前8行抑扬格5步,最后1行6步,韵式
ababbcbcc)禾口G.sonnet.
Sonnet
Sonnetisalyricpoemcomprising14rhymingiambicpentameterlines.Therhymeschemesofthesonnetfollowbasicallytwopatterns:
A)TheItaliansonnet(thePetrarchan)comprisesan8-line(octave)oftwoquatrains,rhymedabbaabba,followedbya6-line(sestet)usuallyrhymedcdecdeorcdcdcd.B)TheEnglishsonnet(Shakespearean)comprises3quatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.AnimportantvariantofthisisSpenserianwhichrhymesababbabccdcdee.FamousEnglishsonneteersareSirPhilipSidney,Spenser,Shakespeare,JohnDonne,Milton,Wordsworth,Keats,ElizabethBarrettBrowning,W.H.Auden.
Theformconsistsofthreequatrainsandacouplet.Thecoupletgenerallyintroducedanunexpectedsharpthematicorimagistic"turn".Theusualrhymeschemewasa-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.
Thisexample,Shakespeare'sSonnet116,illustratestheform:
Letmenottothemarriageoftrueminds
Admitimpediments.Loveisnotlove
Whichalterswhenitalterationfinds,
Orbendswiththeremovertoremove.
Ono,itisaneverfixedmark
Thatlooksontempestsandisnevershaken;
Itisthestartoeverywand'ringbarque,
Whoseworth'sunknownalthoughhisheightbetaken.
Love'snottime'sfool,thoughrosylipsandcheeks
Withinhisbendingsickle'scompasscome;
Lovealtersnotwithhisbriefhoursandweeks,
Butbearsitouteventotheedgeofdoom.
Ifthisbeerroranduponmeproved,
Ineverwrit,nornomaneverloved.
AvariantonthisformistheSpenseriansonnet,namedafterEdmundSpenser
(c.1552-1599)inwhichtherhymeschemeisa-b-a-b,b-c-b-c,c-d-c-d,e-e.ThisexampleistakenfromAmoretti
Happyyeleaves!
whenasthoselilyhand
Happyyeleaves!
whenasthoselilyhands,
Whichholdmylifeintheirdeaddoingmight,
Shallhandleyou,andholdinlove'ssoftbands,
Likecaptivestremblingatthevictor'ssight.
Andhappylines!
onwhich,withstarrylight,
Thoselampingeyeswilldeignsometimestolook,
Andreadthesorrowsofmydyingsprite,
Writtenwithtearsinheart'sclosebleedingbook.
Andhappyrhymes!
bathedinthesacredbrook
OfHelicon,whenceshederivedis,
Whenyebeholdthatangel'sblessedlook,
Mysoul'slonglackedfood,myheaven'sbliss.
Leaves,lines,andrhymesseekhertopleasealone,
Whomifyeplease,Icareforothernone.
HeroicCouplet
Heroiccoupletrhymediambicpentameterlinesinpairs.
Afrequently-citedexampleillustratingtheuseofheroiccoupletsisthispassagefromCooper'sHillbyJohnDenham,partofhisdescriptionoftheThames:
OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystream
Mygreatexample,asitismytheme!
Thoughdeep,yetclear,thoughgentle,yetnotdull,
Strongwithoutrage,withouto'erflowingfull.
SatireSatireisamodeofwritingthatexposesthefailingsofindividuals,institutions,orsocietiestoridiculeandscorn.
TheCanterburyTales
TheCanterburyTales,beguninabout1386,consistsofstoriestoldbysomeofthethirty
pilgrimswhosetofffromtheTabardInninSouthwark,London,tovisittheshrineofSt.ThomasaBecket,theArchbishopofCanterburymurderedinhisowncathedralin1170.
Theaimwastotellfourstorieseach:
twoontheway,twoonthewayback.ThetellerofthebeststorywouldbegivenafreedinnerbythecheerfulhostoftheTabard.Infact,thecollectionisincompleteandonly24storiesaretold.
Structure
3parts:
1.TheGeneralPrologue
2.24tales
3.Separateprologuestoeachtalewithlinks,comments,quarrels,etc.inbetween
Theme
InflueneedbytheearlyItalian
Renaissanee,Chauceraffirmedman'srighttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposedasceticism,praisedman'senergy,intellect,andloveoflife.
CanterburyTalesWoodcut,1484
Meanwhile,healsoexposedandsatirizedthesocialevils,esp.thereligiousabuses.
Characterization
---vividportrayalofindividualizedcharactersofthesocietyandofallprofessionsandsocialstrataexceptthehighestandthelowest
*showsrespectforthetwoIandedgentry,theplowmanandtheparson;
*satirizedallthereligiouspeopleexcepttheparson;
*showsagrowingsenseofself-importaneeofthetradesandtownspeople,reflectingthechangingsocialstatus,esp.intownsandcities.
Style
・livelyandvividMiddle-AgeEnglish
«satiricandhumorous
«heroiccouplet
«ofunequalmerits
Renaissaneeiscommonlyappliedtothemovementorperiodinwesterncivilization,
whichmarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.ItfirststartedinFlorenceandVeniceofItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculptureandarchitecture.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.Indifferentcountries,themovementoccurredindifferentperiodswithdifferentemphasisuponthenewlydiscoveredGreekandRomanclassicsandthecombinationorcompromiseofanewlyinterpretedChristiantraditionandanardentlyadmiredtraditionofpaganclassicalculture,whichwasstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchastherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastronomy,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.
Renaissanee,therefore,inessenee,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtolifttherestrictioninallareasplacedbytheRomanCatholicChurchauthorities.
oHumanism
Humanismistheideathatmanhasapotentialforculturewhichdistinguisheshimfromlowerordersofbeings,andwhichheshouldstriveconstantlytofulfill.
HistoricalBackground
*Society,PoliticsandEconomy
oTheHundredYears'War(1337-1453)betweenFranceandEngland
oTheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485)
---RedRoserepresentsthenoblefamilyofLancasterandWhiteRoserepresentsthenoblefamilyofYork.
oTheCivilWarorBourgeoisRevolution(1642-1660)betweenthe
MonarchandtheHouseofCommons
oRestoration(1660-1688)
oGloriousRevolution(1688)
oTheAgrarianRevolution---thelargestscaleencloseofcommonlandThelandwasturnedintopasturetogreedsheep,drivingmanypeasantstothecities.
oDevelopmentoftheclothingindustry---thebeginningoftheEnglish
capitalistproduction,geographicalexplorationandtradeexpansion
oDiscoveryofnewland
InEngland,theexplorationhadtwoobjects:
onewasthequestofgoldandsilver,andtheotherwasthefindingofnewmarketsforEnglishcloth.
Literature
«Translation
oGreekandRomanclassics
e.g.Homer'sadandOdysseybyChapman
Ovid'Metamorphoses
VirgilAeneidPlato,Aristotle,SenecaandPlautus
oContemporaryItalianandFrenchworks
e.g.Plutarch,HoraceandDante
aSonnetsandblankversewereintroducedintoEngland.Comedyandtragedywereflourished.
oTheKingJamesBible,orthe"AuthorizedVersion"
---aworkby47translatorsthatwaspublishedin1611
*Imitationandassimilationofclassicandforeignwriters
oEpics
e.g.Homer,Virgil,Danta->Spenser,Milton
oSonnets
e.g.Petrarch,Dante->Shakespeare,Sidner,Jonson,DonneandAndrewMarvell
oDrama
e.g.Seneca,Plautus->Marlowe,Shakespeare,Jonson
KingJamesBible:
the"AuthorizedVersion"
TheKingJamesBibleisanEnglishtranslationoftheHolyBible,commissionedforthebenefitoftheChurchofEnglandatthebehestofKingJamesIofEngland.Firstpublishedin1611,ithashadaprofoundimpactnotonlyonmostEnglishtranslationsthathavefollowedit,butalsoonEnglishliteratureasawhole.TheworksoffamousauthorssuchasJohnBunyan,JohnMilton,HermanMelville,JohnDryden,andWilliamWordswortharerepletewithinspirationapparentlyderivedfromtheKingJamesVersion.BiblesfromtheEnglishRevisedVersiontotheNewAmericanStandardBible,theRevisedStandardVersion,andtheNewKingJamesVersionarerevisionsofitstext;ithasdeeplyinflueneedBiblessuchastheNewInternationalVersionthatdonotclaimtoberevisionsofitstext.
Epic
Alongnarrativepoeminelev
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