英语专业论文大众传播媒介.docx
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英语专业论文大众传播媒介.docx
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英语专业论文大众传播媒介
1.Introduction
Thedevelopmentofnewscienceandtechnology,especiallytheinnovationofmasscommunicationmedia,bringspeopleofallnationscloser.TheappearanceoftheInternetandtheextensiveuseofemailshortenthedistancebetweenpeople.AsM.McLuhansays,thewholeearthislikeaglobalvillage[1].Peoplebegintorealizemoretheirneedstocommunicatewitheachother.Buttheshorteningofspacecannotautomaticallyreduceculturalandpsychologicaldistances.Differencesinculturalorientation,socialstandard,andwaysofthinkingwillundoubtedlycausemisunderstandingandculturalshocks.Itisinevitablethatpeopleofdifferentethnicgrouphavetore-understandthemselves.Theyhavetore-examinetheirownculturesbycomparisonwithotherculturesinordertobemoreadaptableintheirinterculturalcommunication.Eventhough,someculturalfactors,whichrootedinthedifferentcountriesandsocieties,affectthetranslatingdeeply.Itmakesthatthesourcemessageunabletobetranslatedintothetargetmessagecompletely.Butifwefindoutsomeusefulmethods,wewouldliketotransfertheuntranslatabilityintotranslatabilitypossibly.
2.DefinitionandPremiseoftheCulture’sTranslatability
2.1Thepremiseoftheuntranslatability
Ifwewanttotalkaboutthetranslatability,weshouldknowthereasonsthatmaketroublestotranslators.Ontheotherhand,Iwanttotalkabouttheuntraslatabilityfirst.Thepremiseoftheuntranslatabilityliesinthecultureregionanditisjustarelativeconcept.Asweknow,cultureisaproductofhumananditisdevelopingwiththedevelopmentofhumanbeing.However,humanbeingoriginatedindifferentplacesanddidn’tknowtherewereotherpeopleslivinginotherplaces.Sohumanbeinglivingindifferentplacescreatestheircultureindifferentways.Differentlanguageswillcarryoutthecoresouloftheculture,whichbelongedtodifferentpalaces.Ontheotherhand,languageisthecarrierofculture[2].
Thecultureregionismainlyexpressedinthelanguages,whichreflectedthedifferenceofculture.Therearemanyfactorsdecidethelanguages’difference.
2.1.1.InfluenceofEnvironmentandWeatheruponLanguage
Thelanguageisrootedinthenaturalandsocialenvironmentsdeeply.Naturalenvironmentsplayaveryimportantroleintheformationofregionalculturesornationalcultures.Itwasobviouslyexpressedintheancienttimeswheneconomieswerenotdeveloped.Therelationshipofculturethenreflectsthatnaturalenvironmentsdeterminepeople’swaysofliving,meansofproductionandbehavioralpatternsornorms[3].
Asisknown,Britainisacountrybuiltupbymanyislands.Fishcultureandseafaringarethemainstayindustryintheirtraditionaleconomy.However,Chinesearelivinginthemaincontinentforthousandsofyears,andpeoplecannotlivewithoutthesoil.Duetothedifferencesoftheregionalculture,therearemanyphrasesabouttheseaandaquaticsproductinEnglish.ItishardtofindtheexactequivalentsinChinesetothosephrases,suchas:
Restonone’soars(暂时歇一歇)
Keepone’sheadabovewater(奋力图存)
Allatsea(不知所措)
Haveotherfishtofly(另有其他要紧事要做)
Drinklikeafish(牛饮,狂喝)
Allisfishthatcomestoone’snet(捕到网里都是鱼)
Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.(千万不要班门弄斧)
Climatenotonlygiveseffecttothepeople’slivingenvironment,butalsotothewayofhuman’sthinkingandlanguage.ChinaliesintheEastHemisphere’ssemitropicalregion.ThemainClimateisthecontinentalClimate.SoChinesetendtotakeeastwind,asitisthesymbolofthespring.Itwillbringthehopeandnewlifetotheearth.However,thewestwindisthesymbolofwinterandalsobringsthedrearinesstotheearth.Soitisalwaysusedastheforcesofcomingdown.Ifwesternersdonotunderstandthespecialmeaningoftheeastandwestwind,itishardforthemtounderstandChairmanMao’sline“东风压倒西风”.However,Britain,whichliesintheWestHemisphereandtheNorthTemperateZone,belongingtotheoceanicClimate.Sothewestwindisthesymbolofthespring.Inspring,thewestwindbringsmuchwatertothesoil.TheWestWindEulogy,whichiswrittenbythefamouspoetByron,isjustasingtopraisethespring.ThesimilarexamplealsoexistsinChina’ssummerculture.InChina,thesummerisalwaysrelatedtothetorridity.“赤日炎炎似火烧”,“骄阳似火”areoftenusedbydescribingthesummer’shotdays.ButtheBritain’ssummerisacoolandcomfortableseason.Itbringsthepeople’simaginationofloveliness,goodlinessandblandness.SoShakespearecomparedhislovertothesummer:
“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
Thouartlovelierandmoretemperate.”
2.1.2Lifestyle’sDifference
Differentlifestylewasformedindifferentlivingenvironment,andthedifferencethatexistsinthelifestyleisrepresentedinlanguages.Forexample,thedifferentfoodofEasternandWesternbringsgreatdifferencestothelanguage.BritainliesintheNorthTemperateZone,andtheirpeople’smainfoodismilkandbread,whichoftenreflectedinthevariousidiomandimagery.Suchas:
Halfaloafisbetterthannone.(聊胜于无)
Earnone’sbread.(赚钱糊口)
Knowwhichsideone’sbreadisbutteredon.(明白自己的利益所在)
Takethebreadoutofsomebody’smouth.(抢别人的饭碗)
Don’tquarrelwithyourbreadandbutter.(你可不要砸自己的饭碗)
Cryoverspiltmilk.(做无益的后悔)
Buttertobutterisnorelish.(千篇一律的东西令人生厌)
Fairwordsbutternoproblem.(花言巧语是不中用的)
However,thericecultivationtakesthedominionstationinChina.Thetraditionalfoodisricebutbread.Nomatterwhattheyeatfordinnereveryday,Chinesenamedtheaction“dinning”.However,differentnameshavebeendefinedtothedinningbasedonthedifferenttimesinBritain.InChina,thewordsthatextendedfromfoodareplenty.Forinstance,饭碗isequaltothejob;夹生饭isequaltothehalf-cookedrice;鱼米之乡standsfortherichplaces;生米做成熟饭iscomparedtothethingswhichhavebeendone;巧妇难为无米之炊issimilartotheproblemwhichacapablepersoncannotdealwithwithouttheessentialingredients,etc.
2.1.3.SetPhrasesOriginatedfromMythology,Legendary,FablesandAllusions
Suchphrasescouldreflectthefeaturesofthetraditionalculture.Aesop'sFables,GreecemythologyandHomer'sepicpoetryleftalargenumberofidioms,suchas:
aHerculeantask(艰巨的任务),Achilles’heel(致命的弱点),Samson’shair(致命点),aswardofDamocles(达莫克勒斯之剑),theGordian(‘s)knot(难解之结),betweenScyllaandCharybdis(腹背受敌),sourgrapes(酸葡萄),crywolf(狼来了),Pandora’sbox(潘多拉的盒子;灾难之源),thecat’spaw(猫爪子;被别人利用作为工具的人),etc.
TheGreekcultureaffectedtheEnglishcultureverygreatly,suchas“Goldenapple”(红颜祸水).IntheTrojanWar,GreeceholdingspiesintheTrojanhorse(木马计),causedthedestructionoftheTrojan.SoitcreatestheGreece’sgift(能害人的礼品).TheTrojan’slessonispainfulandtheGreece’sgiftisharmful.Thewesternoftensay:
“It’sGreecetome!
”(我真是一窍不通)whentheymetsomethingdifficulttounderstand.Itmaybealsosubstitutedby“ItisallChinesetome!
”TheChinesewordsmaybetoodifficulttobeunderstoodbythewesternersinsomeway.However,theChineseidiomisrichandcolorful.Suchas“牛郎织女”、“楚河汉界”、“守株待兔”、“请君入瓮”、“画龙点睛”、“愚公移山”、“杞人忧天”、“黄粱美梦”、“南柯一梦”、“叶公好龙”、“嫦娥奔月”,etc.
2.1.4.ManandGod
ThewesternpeoplebelieveinGodandthecreationoftheworld.TheHolyBiblehasgreateffecttothewholewesternculture.SoitiseasytounderstandwhytherearetoomanyidiomsoriginatedfromtheBibleandtheChristianity.Suchas:
tobowdowninthehouseofRimmon(向异教徒屈膝投降),acovenantofsalt(不可背弃的盟约),gridupone’slions(准备行动),Judas’kiss(死亡之吻),thelastsupper(最后的晚餐),theforbiddenfruit(禁果),nocomingtoheavenwithdryeyes(眼无泪水,难进天国),thewaytoheavenisbytheweepingcross(忏悔受难,得升天堂),aspoorasachurchmouse(家徒四壁),bearone’scross(背负十字架).ButChinesehavetheirancientmythologies,suchas:
“夸父追日”、“洪水灭世”、“女娲补天”、“精卫填海”、“神农尝百草”、“大禹治水”。
TheBuddhismandtheTaoismisalsoimportantconsistentintheChineseculture.JustliketheChristianity,thestoriesbringuncountableidiomstoChinese,suchas:
“苦海无边,回头是岸”、“佛法无边”,“不看僧面,看佛面”、“阎王要你三更死,哪得留你到五更”、“八仙过海,各显神通”、“放下屠刀,立地成佛”、“灵丹妙药”,“点石成金”、“狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心”,etc.
2.1.5.History
Chinahasbeenavastagriculturalcountryforthousandsofyears.A.D.Lindsay,MasterofBalliolatOxfordinthelateforties,discussedinhislecturesondemocracythedifficultiesoflargesize.Asamatteroffact,itrequiresaHerculeaneffortjusttoholdsuchacountrytogether.Disunityorfragmentationusuallyledtolongyearsofwaranddestruction,bringinguntoldsufferingtothepeople.So,thephrasesthatoriginatedfromthewarhavebeenusedineveryaspectoflife.Suchas:
“知己知彼,百战不殆”、“围魏救赵”、“暗渡陈仓”、“进退维谷”、“背水一战”、“投笔从戎”、“投鞭断流”、“步步为营”、“坚壁清野”、“运筹帷幄”、“破釜沉舟”、“临阵磨枪”,etc.Theidiom“tomeetone’sWaterloo”isoriginatedfromtheWaterloowarofNapoleon,whichhasthesimilarmeaningof“一败涂地”.IntheBritain’shistory,waralsoconstantlyhappened.Sothequalityofidiomsrelatedtothewaralsobig.Suchas:
marktime(踌躇不决),maskone’sbatteries(掩盖敌意),sticktoone’sguns(坚持立场),andhavebeeninwars(在生活中吃过苦头)andthestoryofhorseforakingdom(一匹马换一个国王).
ThepopesandkingsruletheBritainforalongtime;thephrasesthatreflecttheangerandhatredareplenty.Suchas:
Thekingandthepope,thelionandthewolf(国王教皇,狮子豺狼).
Kingsgomad,andthepeoplesufferformit(军王发疯,百姓遭殃).
Kingshavealonghand.(勿与帝王争)
Moreroyalistthantheking.(比极端分子更极端)
Pope’snose(煮熟的鸡屁股).
Thepleasuresofthemightyarethetearsofthepoor.(富豪纵欲,穷人流泪)
Thekingsendshiscarriage.(囚车来了)
Andtheproverb“kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers”issimilartothe“伴君如伴虎”.TheChinesehavebeentyrannizedbythelandlordforthousandsofyears,andexploitedbythemalfeasantanddealers.Solotsofphraseswe
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