阅读4.docx
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6-1
Questions1-12whicharebaseon
ReadingPassage1below.
Rightandleft-handednessinhumans
Whydohumans,virtuallyaloneamongallanimalspecies,displayadistinct
leftorrighthandedness?
Notevenourclosestrelativesamongtheapespossess
suchdecidedlateralasymmetry,aspsychologistscallit.Yetabout90per
centofeveryhumanpopulationthathaseverlivedappearstohavebeen
right-handed.ProfessorBryanTurneratDeakinUniversityhasstudiedthe
researchliteratureonleft-landednessandfoundthathandednessgoeswith
sidedness.Sonineoutoftenpeopleareright-handedandeightare
right-footed.Henotedthatthisdistinctiveasymmetryinthehumanpopulation
isitselfsystematic.`Humansthinkincategories:
blackandwhite,upand
down,leftandright.It'sasystemofsignsthatenablesustocategorize
phenomenathatareessentiallyambiguous.'
Researchhasshownthatthereisgeneticorinheritedelementtohandedness.
Butwhileleft-handednesstendstoruninfamilies,neitherleftnorright
handerswillautomaticallyproduceoff-springwiththesamehandedness;in
factabout6percentofchildrenwithtworight-handedparentswillbe
left-handed.However,amongtwoleft-handedparents,perhaps40percentof
thechildrenwillalsobeleft-handed.Withonerightandoneleft-handed
parent,15to20percentoftheoffspringwillbelefthanded.Evenamong
identicaltwinswhohaveexactlythesamegenes,oneinsixpairswilldiffer
intheirhandedness.
Whatthenmakespeopleleft-handedifitisnotsimplygenetic?
Otherfactors
mustbeatworkandresearchershaveturnedtothebrainforclues.Inthe
1860stheFrenchsurgeonandanthropologist,DrPaulBroca,madethe
remarkablefindingthatpatientswhohadlosttheirpowersofspeechasa
resultofastroke(abloodclotinthebrain)hadparalysisoftherighthalf
oftheirbody.Henotedthatsincethelefthemisphereofthebraincontrols
therighthalfofthebody,andviceversa,thebraindamagemusthavebeen
inthebrain'slefthemisphere,Psychologistsnowbelievethatamongright
handedpeople,probably95percenthavetheirlanguagecentreintheleft
hemisphere,while5percenthaveright-sidedlanguage,Left-handers,however,
donotshowthereversepatternbutinsteadamajorityalsoSome30percent
haverighthemispherelanguage.
DrBrinkman,abrainresearcherattheAustralianNationalUniversityin
Canberra,hassuggestedthatevolutionofspeechwentwithright-handed
preference.AccordingtoBrinkman,asthebrainevolved,onesidebecame
specialisedforfinecontrolofmovement(necessaryforproducingspeech)and
alongwiththisevolutioncamerighthandpreference.AccordingtoBrinkman,
mostleft-handershavelefthemispheredominancebutalsosomecapacityin
therighthemisphere.Shehasobservedthatifaleft-handedpersonis
brain-damagedinthelefthemisphere,therecoveryofspeechisquiteoften
betterandthisisexplainedbythefactthatleft-handershaveamore
bilateralspeechfunction.Inherstudiesofmacaquemonkeys,Brinkmanhas
noticedthatprimates(monkeys)seemtolearnahandpreferencefromtheir
motherinthefirstyearoflifebutthiscouldbeonehandortheother.In
humans,however,thespecialisationinfunctionofthetwohemispheresresults
inanatomicaldifferences;areasthatareinvolvedwiththeproductionof
speechareusuallylargerontheleftsidethanontheright.Sincemonkeys
havenotacquiredtheartofspeech,onewouldnotexpecttoseesucha
variationbutBrinkmanclaimstohavediscoveredatrendinmonkeystowards
theasymmetrythatisevidentinthehumanbrain.
TwoAmericanresearchers,GeschwindandGalaburda,studiedthebrainsofhuman
embryosanddiscoveredthattheleft-rightasymmetryexistsbeforebirth.But
asthebraindevelops,anumberofthingscanaffectit.Everybrainis
initiallyfemaleinitsorganisationanditonlybecomesamalebrainwhen
themalefoetusbeginstosecretehormones.GeschwindandGalaburdaknewthat
differentpartsofthebrainmatureatdifferentrates;therighthemisphere
developsfirst,thentheleft.Moreover,agirl'sbraindevelopssomewhat
fasterthanthatofaboy.So,ifsomethinghappenstothebrain'sdevelopment
duringpregnancy,itismorelikelytobeaffectedinamaleandthehemisphere
morelikelytobeinvolvedistheleft.Thebrainmaybecomelesslateralised
andthisinturncouldresultinleft-handednessandthedevelopmentofcertain
superiorskillsthathavetheiroriginsinthelefthemispheresuchaslogic,
rationalityandabstraction.Itshouldbenosurprisethenthatamong
mathematiciansandarchitects,left-handerstendtobemorecommonandthere
aremoreleft-handedmalesthanfemales.
Theresultsofthisresearchmaybesomeconsolationtoleft-handerswhohave
forcenturieslivedinaworlddesignedtosuitright-handedpeople.However,
whatisalarming,accordingtoMr.CharlesMoore,awriterandjournalist,
isthewaytheword`right'reinforcesitsownvirtue.Subliminallyhesays,
languagetellspeopletothinkthatanythingontherightcanbetrustedwhile
anythingontheleftisdangerousorevensinister.Wespeakofleft-handed
complimentsandaccordingtoMoore,`itisnocoincidencethatleft-hand,
oftendevelopastammerastheyarerobbedoftheirfreedomofspeech'.However,
asmoreresearchisundertakenonthecausesoflefthandedness,attitudes
towardsleft-handedpeoplearegraduallychangingforthebetter.Indeedwhen
thechampiontennisplayerIndeedwhenthechampiontennisplayerIvanLendl
wasaskedwhatthesinglethingimprovehisgame,hesaidhewouldliketo
becomealeft-hander.
GeoffMaslen
Questions1-7
Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed1-7)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)inboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.Somepeoplematchmorethanoneopinion.
A DrBroca
B DrBrinkman
C GeschwindandGalaburda
D CharlesMoore
E ProfessorTurner
Example Answer
Monkeysdonotshowaspeciesspecificpreferencefor B
Leftorright-handedness.
1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhen
theyfirstdevelopedlanguage.
2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople.
3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed.
4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequickly
thanright-handedpeople.
5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallylose
theirpowerofspeech.
6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth.
7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody.
Question8-10
Usingtheinformationinthepassage,completethetablebelow.Writeyouranswerinboxes8-10onyouranswersheet.
Percentageofchildrenleft-handed
Oneparentleft-handedOneparentright-handed
…(8)…
Bothparentsleft-handed
…(9)…
Bothparentsright-handed
…(10)…
Question11-12
ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes11and12onyouranswersheet.
11Astudyofmonkeyshasshownthat
Amonkeysarenotusuallyright-handed.
Bmonkeysdisplayacapacityforspeech.
Cmonkeybrainsaresmallerthanhumanbrains.
Dmonkeybrainsareasymmetric.
12Accordingtothewriter,left-handedpeople.
Awilloftendevelopastammer.
Bhaveundergonehardshipforyears.
Careuntrustworthy.
Daregoodtennisplayers.
Answers:
1-7.BDCBACE
8.15-20%
9.40%
10.6%
11.D
12.B
ielts_read_zyz_6_3
Questions13-27whicharebaseon
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions13-27whichareonReadingPassage2below.
MigratoryBeekeeping
Ofthe2,000commercialbeekeepersintheUnitedStatesabouthalfmigrate.
Thispaysoffintwoways.Movingnorthinthesummerandsouthinthewinter
letsseesworkalongerbloomingseason,makingmorehoney-and-moneyfor
theirkeepers.Second,beekeeperscancarrytheirhivestofarmerswhoneed
beestopollinatetheircrops.Everyspringamigratorybeekeepersin
Californiamaymoveupto160millionbeestofloweringfieldsinMinnesota
andeverywinterhisfamilymayhaulthehivesbacktoCalifornia,where
farmerswillrentthebeestopollinatealmondandcherrytrees.
Migratorybeekeepingisnothingnew.TheancientEgyptiansmovedclayhives,
probablyonrafts,downtheNiletofollowthebloomandnectarflowasit
movedtowardCairo.Inthe18801NorthAmericanbeekeepersexperimentedwith
thesameidea,movingbeesonbargesalongtheMississippiandonwaterways
inFloridabuttheirlighter,woodenhiveskeptfallingintothewater.Other
keeperstriedtherailroadandhorse-drawnwagons,butthatdidn'tprove
practical.Notuntilthe1920swhencarsandtrucksbecameaffordableandroads
improved,didmigratorybeekeepingbegintocatchon.
FortheCaliforniabeekeeper,thepollinationseasonbeginsinFebruary.At
thistime,thebeehivesareinparticulardemandbyfarmerswhohavealmond
groves;Theyneedtwohivesanacre.Forthethree-weeklongbloom,beekeepers
canhireouttheirhivesfor$32each.It'sabonanzaforthebeestoo.Most
peopleconsideralmondhoneytoobittertoeatsothebeesgettokeepitfor
themselves.
ByearlyMarchitistimetomovethebees.Itcantakeuptoseven
nightstopackthe4,000orsohivesthatabeekeepermayown.Thesearenotmoved
inthemiddleofthedaybecausetoomanyofthebeeswouldenduphomeless.
Butatnight,thehivesarestackedontowoodenpallets,back-to-backinsets
offour,andliftedontoatruck.Itisnotnecessarytowearglovesora
beekeeper'sveilbecausethehivesarenotbeingopenedandthe
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