二专英国文学散文素材.docx
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二专英国文学散文素材.docx
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二专英国文学散文素材
英国文学选读散文素材
September,2009
TableofContents散文
1.“OfStudies,”“OfMarriageandSingleLife”byFrancisBacon
2.“Dueling”byRichardSteele
3.“SundayintheCountry”byJosephAddison
4.“LettertoLordChesterfield”bySamuelJohnson
5.“Dreams,”“MakingStew,”MomentsintheMorning,”“GivingAdvice”“AtTheTailor’s”byJ.BPriestley
6.“KnowledgeItsOwnEnd,”“KnowledgeViewedinProfessionalSkills”byJohnHenryCardinalNewman
7.“CourtesytotheReaders—ClaritybyF.LLucas
8.“SeeingPeopleOff”byMaxBeebohm
9.“SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R”bySirWinstonChurchill
10.“TheDeathofaMoth”byVirginiaWoolf
11.“HowToGrowOld”byBertrandRussell
OfStudies
OfBacon’s58essays,OfStudiesisoneoftheshortest,butalsooneofthebetterknownandmorewidelyread.IntheessayBaconattemptstodiscussratheranalyticallytheuseandabuseofstudies,theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies,andalsotheeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter..Thoughtheessaywaswrittenmorethanthreecenturiesagoandpartsofitarethereforeoutdatedandoflittleinteresttous,anumberoftheremarksinitwerebasedontheauthor’swideexperienceasascholarandpracticalmanofaffairsandconsequentlytheystilldeserveourattentiontoday.OfexpressionandsimplicityofdictionarethetwochiefdistinguishingfeaturesoftheprosestyleofBaconwhowasamongtheearliestofEnglishessayists.
Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;
(1)forornament,isindiscourse;
(2)andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.(3)Foeexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone,butthegeneralcounsels,(4)andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,(5)comebestfromthosewhoarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrulesisthehumourofascholar.(6)Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;(7)fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,theyneedproying(8)bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,(9)excepttheyareboundedbyexperience.Craftymen(10)contemnstudies;simplemenadmirethem;andwisemenusethem:
fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthemandabovethem,wonbyobservation.(11)Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;(12)andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksmaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortsofbooks;elsedistilledbooks(13)arelikedcommondistilledwaters,flashythings.(14)Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman(15);andwritinganexactman.(16)Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhave(17)agreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;(18),themathematicssubtile;(19)naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;(20)logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.(21)Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewit,(22)butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:
likeas(23)diseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforstoneandrein(24);shootingforlungsandbreasts;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifaman’switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstration,(25)ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,(26)hemustbeginagain;ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;(27)fortheyarecyminisectores;(28)ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,(29)andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers’cases:
soeverydefectofmindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.(30)
Notes:
1.inprivateandretiring---whenoneisaloneandawayfromcompany.
2.indiscourse---whenoneisengagedinconversation.
3.inthejudgeanddispositionofbusiness---whenoneformsajudgementandmakesdefinitearrangementsabouttheaffairsoftheworld.
4.thegeneralcounsels---thegivingofadviceongeneraltopics.
5.theplotsandmarshallingofaffairs---theplanninganddirectingofaffairs.
6.thehumourofascholar---thementalpeculiarityofascholar.
7.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience---They(studies)improveaperson’snaturalabilitiesandarethemselvesmademorecompletebyexperience.
8.proying---theoldspellingfor‘pruning’;meaningtrimmingofplants,orthecuttingoffsuperfluousandburdensomeparts.
9.toomuchatlarge---toogeneralorimpractical.
10.craftymen---menwhohavesomespecialskills;‘crafty’meansskillful,ingenious,havingsomespecialskill.
11.butthatisawisdomwithoutthemandabovethem,wonbyobservation---that(tomakegooduseofstudies)isawisdomthatliesbeyondandabovetherealmoofstudies,attainableonlythroughabeenobservationofthings.
12.curiously---withthoroughnessandcare.
13.distilledbooks---extractsofgoodorimportantpartsofbooksmadebydeputy.
14.flashythings---flatandtastelessthings.
15.areadyman---amanwhocananswerthingsreadilyandfreely.
16.anexactman---amanwhospeaksandwriteswithaccuracy.
17.writelittle---seldomtakesnotes;hadneedhave---wouldneedtohave.
18.witty---
19.subtile---oldspellingforsubtle
20.grave---seriousanddignified
21.Abeuntstudiainmores(Latin)---Studiesgointoformingone’scharacter.
22.stond---hindrance,drawback.
23.likeas(archaic)---as.
24.stoneandrein---thebladderandkidneys.
25.demonstrations---waysoffindingproofsinsolvingaprobleminmathematics.
26.ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle---‘never’heremeansever;ifhismindshouldbedivertedbyotherthingevenslightly.
27.theschoolmen---thephilosophersortheologiansoftheschoolsoftheMiddleAges,whowereskillfulinmakingfinedistinctionsinthemattersunderdiscussionintheologyandphilosophy.
28.cyminisectors(Latin)---dividersofcumin-seed,i.e.,hair-splitting(personswhospendmuchtimeandenergyinmakingfinedistinctionsaboutveryabstractthings).
29.tobeatovermatters---tomakethoroughexaminationsofthings,togooverthegroundandsearchcarefully(likebeatersinhuntingwhosearchthegroundcarefullytorousethegame).
30.receipt---recipe,aremedygiveninaprescription.
31.
OfMarriageandSingleLife
(1)
FrancisBacon(1561---1626)
1.Hethathathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune
(2);fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks(3),andofthegreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchildlessmen;whichbothinaffectionandmeans(4)havemarriedandendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreason(5)thatthosethathavechildrenshouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes;untowhichtheyknowtheymusttransmittheirdearestpledges.(6)Somethereare,whothoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfuturetimesimpertinences.(7)Nay,therearesomeotherthataccountwifeandchildrenbutasbillsofcharges.(8)Naymore,therearesomefoolishrichcovetousmen,thattakeaprideinhavingnochildren,becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhaveheardsometalk,Suchaoneisagreatrichman,andanotherexcepttoit,(9)Yea,buthehathagreatchargeofchildren;asifitwereanabatementtohisriches.Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelifeisliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,(10)whicharesosensibleofeveryrestraint,(11)astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarterstobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants;butnotalwaysbestsubjects;fortheyarelighttorunaway;(12)andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition.Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen;forcharitywillhardlywaterthegroundwhereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferent(13)forjudgesandmagistrates;foriftheybefacile(14)andcorrupt,youshallhaveaservantfivetimesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifindthegeneralscommonlyintheirhortatives(15)putmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;(16)andIthinkthedespisingofmarriageamongsttheTurksmakeththemthevulgarsoldier(17)morebase.Certainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineofhumanity;singlemen,thoughtheymaybemanytimesmorecharitable,becausetheirmeansarelessexhaust,yet,ontheotherside,theyaremorecruelandhardhearted(goodtomakesevereinquisitors),becausetheirtendernessisnotsooftcalledupon.Gravenatures,(18)ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonlylovinghusbands;aswassaidofUlysses,(19)vetulamsuampraetulitimmortalitati.(20)Chastewomenareoftenproudandforward,aspresuminguponthemeritoftheirchastity.(21)Itisoneofthebestbondsbothofchastityandobedienceinthewife,ifshethinkherhusbandwise;whichshewillneverdoifshefindhimjealous.Wivesareyoungmen’smistresses;companionsformiddleage;andoldmen’snurses.Soasamanm
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