段落写作.docx
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段落写作.docx
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段落写作
段落的特点
一般来说,段落主要由三部分组成,即主题句、扩展句和结尾句。
主题句是篇章的核心,它表明作者的态度、观点、意图等,同时反映了段落的中心思想。
主题句应具备:
一是明确的观点,二是有一定的概括性,能用其它句子来解释、描述、分析等。
扩展句主要围绕着主题句进行叙述,说明或论述等。
扩展句必须明确、具体。
总结句指用一句话将某一主旨进行归纳总结或概括,有时还起承上启下的作用。
总结句需要与主题呼应,引发读者对段落主题的进一步认识。
总之,篇章的主题必须统一,内容完整、结构连贯,长度适度。
段落的发展
段落的扩展对构成一篇文章,展示文章的主题,有着举足轻重的作用。
常用的方式有:
1.排列顺序:
既按照内容的主次、时间的先后或位置的先后来进行论证,陈述或解释。
常用的词语有:
first/firstly,second/secondly,furthermore,finally,aboveall,firstandmost
important,tobegin/startwith,inthesecondplace,moreover,toconclude,next,then,afterwardlastly,intheend,eventually.
2.比较和对比:
一般来说,比较包括相同点和相异点。
对比则仅指相异点。
常见的词及词组有:
incomparison(with),likewise,similarly,inthesameway,equally,but,incontrastWith/to,instead,conversely,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,while,Correspondingly.
3.因果和推理:
这种段落发展方式通常用于解释某件事发生的原因和结果。
经常用到的因果关系的动词和动词词组有:
cause,produce,leadto,bringabout,resultfrom,bedueto,haveaneffecton,resultin.
因果关系的连接词有:
dueto,thefactthat,forthesimplereason,because(of),sothat,consequently,hence,asaresult,accordingly,therefore,solongas,so,thus,owingto,nowthat,for/as,since.
4.举例:
用实例来说明作者的观点是举例段落的发展方式。
采用举例的方式,使文章内容更加充实,更富有内涵。
常用于举例的词和词组有:
suchas,forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,toillustrate,acaseinpoint,asfollows,justas,justas,including,like.
短文
短文的基本格式为:
开始段,主体段和结论段。
开始段是短文的中心,即主题。
文章的开头段必须把握两个原则:
表明文章的主题使文章的发展有所遵循;引发读者的兴趣、使他确信值得读下去。
主体段,即文章的发展,是文章的中心的发展,它以文章的开头为线索,准确,具体而充实地论证、说明或分析文章的主题。
主体段须遵循1)文章的发展必须通畅、自然。
2)文章的发展必须联贯统一。
3)文章的发展必须长短适度。
结论段:
同文章的开头和发展一样,文章的结尾也是写作成败的关键。
它起着总结,概括全篇的作用,使主题更加鲜明,结构更加完美。
SectionI补充主题句
1)__________________,generally,thestandardofeducationishigher.Thisisbecausecollegesanduniversitieshaveup-to-dateequipmentandotherresources.Also,teachersandlecturesarehighly-skilledprofessionalswhoareawareofallthelatestdevelopmentsintheirfieldsofinterest.Afinalpointisthattheoverseasqualificationswhichastudentobtainsarevalidusuallyanywhereintheworld.
2)__________________.Theseincludedefensecapabilitiesandsocialsecurity.Privateenterpriseandtheprofitmotiveshouldnotformpartoftheseessentialservices.Ontheotherhand,someservicescouldbeprovidedbyeithergovernmentsorprivategroupsorboth.Educationandhealthcareareexamplesofsuchservices.Agovernmentmustprovideatleastabasiclevelofeducationandhealthcaresoallcitizenscallhaveaccesstothem.
3)__________________.EverydaythereareopportunitiestopracticelisteningtoandspeakingwithAustralians.Also,studentscanexperiencetheculturefirst-hand,whichisagreathelpwhentryingtounderstandthelanguage.ThisisespeciallytrueiftheychoosetolivewithAustralians,aspartofahome-stayfamily,forexample.Furthermore,ifstudentsattendalanguageschoolfull-time,theteacherswillbenativespeakers.
4)__________________.Josedidnotcompletehismathematicsyesterday.Hespentthefirstfifteenminutesofthehourworkingonthefirstofthetenexaminationproblems.Hespentotherminutesdoodlingonhistestpaper.
5)__________________.Oneexampleistheword"graft."Theverbtograftfirstmeantmerelytowork.Englishpeopleonceusedthewordinsuchexpressionsas"Whereareyougrafting?
",meaning"Whereareyouworking?
".Fromthisperfectlyrespectablemeaning,thewordhasgraduallychanged.Todaygraftreferstoillegalgainswonbydishonestpoliticians.转
SectionII重组下面的段落
6.CertainlyTVcanbeapowerfuleducationaltool.Peoplecanlearnaboutsituationsandproblemsfaraway,andbegintounderstanddifferentcultures.Manyinformativedocumentariesaboutnature,news,andsocialissuesaremadenow,andthesecanstimulatepeopletoaction.Peopleinisolatedareascanknowforthemselveswhatishappeningintheworld.Thisgivesthemthepowertomaketheirowndecisionsandformtheirownopinions.
7.Inmyopinion,televisionisthemostimportanttechnologicaldevelopment.NowadaysalmosteveryoneintheworldhasaccesstoTV.Televisionhascausedsignificantchangesinfamilylifeandeducation.Someofthesechangeshavebeenpositivewhileothershavebeennegative.
8.However,thechangeshavenotallbeenpositive.Beforetelevisionwaswidelyavailable,familiesspentmoretimetogethertalkingandplayinggames.Theyseemedmuchclosertoeachotherthanmodemfamilies.
9.Tosumup,Ifeelthat,overall,therearestrongpositiveeffectsofTVintermsofitseducationrole,butithasinmanywaysalteredpeopleandfamiliesinanegativesense.
10.Also,thefactisthatpeoplewastealotoftimewatchingpoorqualityprogramswhichdonothaveapositiveinfluence.Peoplegetabadimpressionoftherealworldfromsuchprograms.Furthermore,TVissometimesusedtodeliberatelymisinformpeople;forexamplewhenitisusedtoasapropagandatoolbygovernments.转贴
BEC段落写作训练二
SectionIII根据所给出的主题句写出支持句
11.Themostobviousadvantagetooverseasuniversitystudyisreal-lifeuseofadifferentlanguage.
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12.Fortheindividualofficeworker,telecommutingwouldmeanspendingmoretimeathome.
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13.Theyoungergenerationisessentiallydifferentfromtheoldergeneration.
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14.Iliketravelingbybusthantravelingbyairplaneforthreereasons.
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SectionIV用启、承、转,合词填空
Text1
Teachersofforeignlanguagesshouldbeextremelywell-qualifiedinordertocarryouttheirdutiesproperly.15)______,ateachershouldpossessaminimumofagraduatedegreefromacertifiededucationschoolorinstituteifheistoteachhighschoolorbelow.Besidestheacademicdegree,teachersshouldnotconsiderteachingonlyasanoccupationforearningmoney;theyshouldalsobeinterestedinteaching.Itwas16)______necessarythatteachersbeknowledgeableintheirmajorfields,17)______theyshouldfurthermorebeskillfulaswell.18)______thelanguageteachermustknowthetargetlanguagewellenoughtobeimitatedbyhisstudents.Ateachershould19)______knowthelinguisticfactsofthelanguageofthestudentsinordertounderstandproblemstheywillhaveinlearningthetargetlanguage,20)______theteachermustbefamiliarwithaudio-lingualtechniques.Knowingallthiswillhelpthestudentstolearncorrectlyandquickly.
Text2
21)______studyingtoomuchmaybeharmfultostudents.22)______,manyteachersexpecttheirstudentstodomoreworkthantheycanhandle.23)______,parentsdonotrealizethatpressuringtheirchildrentostudyhardthancalledforcaninjuretheirchildren'shealth.24)______mostparentsknowwhatgrowingboysandgirlsneedrelaxationaswellasexercise,25)______manystudentshavenochoicebuttoburnthecandleatthebothendsinordertogetgoodgradesandpleasetheirparents,butaphysicallyweakerorsociallydeprivedchildmaynotbeabletokeepupwithsuchahurriedpace.Accordingly,thispressuretostudyinexcessofwhatisrequired.
1)
UniversityStudentsLikeReadingNewspapersinEnglish
DearEditor:
IamastudentatRenminUniversityofChinainBeijing.Asaregularwhogoestotheuniversitylibrary'snewspaperroom,IhavediscoveredthatmanystudentslikereadingnewspaperinEnglish,especiallyChinaDaily.
ThereasonthatChinaDailyispopularamongstudentsisnotdifficulttoexplain.AmajorcharacteristicofChinaDailyistheconcisenessofitsarticles.Mostofthearticlesarebrief,clearlywrittenandinformative.Manystudentsarebusywiththeirstudiesanddon'thavemuchsparetime.However,byreadingChinaDaily,readerscangetup-to-datenewsaboutChinaandtheworldandenhancetheirreadingcapabilitiesatthesametimeand,moreimportantly,itdoesn’tcostthemalotoftime.Inthissense,ChinaDailyisprovidingasortof“fast-food”toitsreaders.Furthermore,ChinaDailyalsohelpsitsreadersimprovetheirwritingskills.ForthosestudentswhofindEnglishcompositionsdifficult,articlesonChinaDailyserveasperfectexamples.转贴
ManyfellowstudentstoldmethattheyhadlearnedalotfromChinaDailyaboutChinaandtheworld.AsaresulttheyalsoimprovedtheirreadingandwritingandgothighmarksinEnglishexams.
YoursSincerely,
LinWeiying
2)China'sMostFamousSymbolinNeedOfHelp
Yearsago,walkingtheGreatWallintheBeijingregionwaslikenootherexperienceinChina.Itwaspeaceful;therewerenocokecansormineralwaterbottlestospoiltheview----itwasquitesimplytheworld'smostspectacularopenairmuseum.
Howthingshavechanged!
Therearenowcansandbottles,andsometimesmuchworse.WhileIusedtospendmostofrecreationaltimeclimbingtheGreatWall,Ihavefoundmyselfspendinganincreasingamountoft
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