被动语态讲解.docx
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被动语态讲解.docx
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被动语态讲解
被动语态讲解
一、总述:
英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(TheActiveVoice)和被动语态(ThePassiveVoice).主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)
Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动,而英语用:
助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。
二、被动语态的形式
1)常用时态的被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本形式为助动词be+及物动词的过去分词,即bedone。
被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上,其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。
以give为例,列表如下:
一般现在时:
am/is/are+given
一般过去时:
was/were+given
一般将来时:
shall/will+be+given
过去进行时:
was/were+being+given
现在进行时:
am/is/are+being+given
过去完成时:
had+been+given
现在完成时:
have/has+been+given
将来完成时:
shall/will+havebeen+given
过去将来时:
should/would+be+given
现在完成进行时:
have/hasbeenbeingdone
含情态动词的被动语态:
情态动词+bedone
[注]被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
2)被动语态的否定式:
在第一个助动词后加not构成。
Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。
3)被动语态的疑问式:
把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗?
How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱?
三、被动语态使用范围
谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没必要。
动作承受者需强调,用被动语态莫忘了。
1.Somestampswerestolenlastweek.
2.ThePRCwasfoundedonOctober1,1949.
3.Footballisplayedinmostmiddleschools.
四、主动语态与被动语态的转换
1.主语+谓语+宾语
练习:
将下列各句改为被动语态。
1.Heplantstreesinspring.
2.Tomwillcleantheroomtomorrow.
3.Theymakeshoesinthatfactory.
4.Theyboughttencomputerslastterm.
5.AmycantakegoodcareofGina.
6.Wearepaintingtherooms.
7.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.
8.Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.
9.Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.
10.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.
主动语态变被动语态口诀:
宾语提前主语变,
原主变宾by后见,
时态人称be关键。
注意:
把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.
Anewcomputer______beenbought.
2.主语+谓语+间接宾语(sb.)+直接宾语(sth.)
Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.
Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.
Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.
注意:
一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词to,如:
bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。
一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for,如:
build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。
练习1:
将下列句子变为被动语态。
1)Theforeignfriendsgaveussomewonderfulstamps.
2)Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.
练习2:
在横线上填for或者to.
1)Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmade_____me.)
2)Themeatwascooked______us.
3)Mybikewaslent____her.
4)Somecountrymusicwasplayed_____us.
5)Thecupwithmixturewasshowed______theclass.
注意:
有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
Heaskedmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)
PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.
TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)
3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。
如:
Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.
→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.
Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.
→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.
注意:
在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。
Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.
→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.
注意:
带有复合宾语的句子,如果宾语补足语是名词,变被动句时,应将宾语变为主语,不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。
如:
TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.
误:
Loveappleswerecalledthem.
正:
Theywerecalledloveapples.
五、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:
第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:
feel,look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。
—Doyoulikethematerial?
—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.
误:
Itisfeltverysoft.
Thefoodtastesdelicious.
误:
Thefoodistasteddelicious.
Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.
误:
Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.
第二,谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。
如:
Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.
误:
Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.
Shehadherhandburned.
误:
Herhandwashadburned.
第三,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:
rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。
Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.
误:
Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.
Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.
误:
Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.
第四,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:
takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。
如:
Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.
误:
Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.
第五,宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形式及抽象名词等,不能变为被动句子的主语,如:
ItaughtmyselfEnglish.
误:
MyselfwastaughtEnglish.
Weloveeachother.
误:
Eachotherisloved.
第六、有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:
write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。
如:
Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。
Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。
Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。
对比:
Thebookssellwell.(主动句)
Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)
Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)
Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat.(被动句)
六、特殊句式
在汉语中,有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示,例如:
据说……Itissaidthat…
据报导……Itisreportedthat…
据推测……Itissupposedthat…
希望……Itishopedthat…
众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…
普遍认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…
有人建议……Itissuggestedthat…
1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.
2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.
练习:
1.变被动语态:
1.Peopleuseknivesforcuttingthings.
Knives____________forcuttingthings.
2.Thestudentscleanthewindowsoftheirclassroomtwiceamonth.
Thewindowsoftheirclassroom_____________twiceamonth.
3.Ifoundtheticketonthefloor.
________________________onthefloor.
4.Itoldhertoreturnthebookintime.
She_____________toreturnthebookintime.
5.Hisdoctormadehimhaveonlytwomealsaday.
He___________________________onlytwomealsaday.
6.Nowpeoplecanusecomputerstohelpthem.
Nowcomputers___________________tohelpthem.
7.Didyouplantmanytreesatthistimelastyear?
___________________________atthistimelasttime?
8.Mustwefinishourworktoday?
_______ourwork_____________today?
10.TheteacheraskedTomtoturnonthecomputer.
Tom_______________toturnonthecomputer.
11.Inthisfactorywomendomostofthework.
Mostofthework_______________bywomeninthisfactory.
12.Hecanmendthebikeintwodays.
Thebike___________________intwodays.
13.Youmusttakethismedicinethreetimesaday.
Thismedicine______________________threetimesaday.
14.ThestudentsstudyGermaninthisschool.
German_______________bythestudentsinthisschool.
15.Dotheyoftentalkaboutthisquestion?
______thisquestionoften_______about______________?
2.在横线上填写括号内所给动词的适当形式:
1)Teenagersshould__________(allow)togooutatnight.
2)Thetelephone___________(invent)byBell.
3)English____________(speak)inChina.
4)Thecar___________(make)inChina.
5)Theroommust____________(clean)everyday.
3.翻译
1)Theshirtwasheswell.
2)Theshirtisbeingwashednow.
3)Thedoorwon’tlock.
4)Theshopisclosednow.
5)Theroomisfilledwithsmoke.
6)Itisreportedthatthebigfirehasbeenputout.
7)台湾属于中国.
8)韩寒的书很畅销.
9)这录音机不转.
10)火灾是怎样发生的?
11)这个问题值得讨论.
12)这种布摸起来很柔软.
4.选择正确答案
1.WhenIgottohisoffice,I__________thathe_________out.
A.told,hadbeenB.wastold,was
C.hadtold,wasD.wastold,hadbeen
2.Thevegetablesdidn’ttasteverygood.They______fortoolong.
A.cookedB.werecookedC.hadcookedD.hadbeencooked
3.Theanti-Japanesewar______in1937andit______eightyears.
A.wasbroken,lastedB.brokeout,lasted
C.breakout,lastedD.brokeout,waslasted
4.Shewasheard________anEnglishsong.
A.tosingB.singC.sangD.tobesang
5.Theseboxesareveryheavy___.
A.becarriedB.carryC.carriedD.becarrying
6.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse________andalotofthings________.
A.hadbeenbrokeninto,hasbeenstolenB.hasbrokeninto,hasbeenstolen
C.hadbeenbrokeninto,stolenD.hasbrokeninto,hasstolen
7.Coalcan________toproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.
A.haveusedB.usedC.beusedD.use
8.Johnhasneverdreamtof_________.
A.takentoAthensB.takingtoAthens
C.betakingtoAthensD.beingtakentoAthens
9.Nobodylikes__________.
A.laughedatB.laughingatC.beinglaughedatD.beinglaughed
10.Thebridge___________willbecompletednextyear.
A.builtB.beingbuiltC.isbeingbuiltD.building
11.Itissaidthattigers________inAsiayearafteryear.
A.arebeingdisappearedB.aredisappearing
C.willbedisappearedD.willdisappear
12.I’mgoingtoWuhantomorrow.Doyouhaveanything____
toyourmother?
A.totakeB.takenC.tobetakenD.taking
13.Takeiteasy.Thereisnothing______.
A.toworryB.tobeworriedC.tobeworriedaboutD.toworryabout
14.Yournewcomputerwillsoonbecomeoutdated,becausetechnology
_______sofast.
A.isdevelopedB.isbeingdeveloped
C.hasbeendevelopedD.willdeveloped
15.Iwon’tgotothepartyunless_________.
A.invitedB.beinginvitedC.beinvitedD.inviting
16.Theproblem________lastweekisveryimportant.
A.wasdiscussedB.discussedC.beingdiscussedD.bediscussed
17.Weshouldkeeptheanimalsfrom________.
A.beendangeredB.endangeringC.beingendangeredD.endangered
18.Therearenorivers_______outoftheDeadSea.
A.flowedB.flowingC.beingflowedD.beflown
19.Thisplacehasbeendestroyed.Sothereisnobamboo______
forpandastofeedon.
A.leftB.leavingC.leaveD.beleft
20.Allthepreparationsforthetask________,andwearereadytostart.
A.completedB.complete
C.hadbeenc
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