跨文化交际unit1答案.docx
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跨文化交际unit1答案.docx
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跨文化交际unit1答案
Unit1
CommunicationAcrossCultures
WarmUp
Questions
1. Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?
2. Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?
Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?
It is very difficult for people to understand one another if they do not share the sameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthat
makeupwhatiscalled―culture‖ inthesocialsciences -thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuesto
whichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.
ReadingI
InterculturalCommunication:
AnIntroduction
Comprehensionquestions
1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone‟squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?
Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonin
today‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare
causedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.
2.What‟sthedifferencebetweentoday‟sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?
Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany
timeinhistory.
3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?
Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction; globalizationoftheeconomy has broughtpeopletogether; changes inimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.
4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?
Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.
5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?
Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate).
6.Whatdoesone‟sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?
Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.
7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?
Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.
8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?
Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.
9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?
Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.
DiscoveringProblems:
SlimIsBeautiful?
Questionsfordiscussion
Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?
Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?
OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.OnecanseesuchbeautifulimagesinalmostanyAmericanmovie.WeChinesealsosharethenotionthatthestandardideaofbeautyincludesbeingtall,thin,andlightskinned.Itseemsthatwiththeprocessofglobalization,easternandwesternbeautieslookmoreandmorealike.
Butwehavetorememberthatthedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Forexample,Hispanicstandardsoffemalebeautyaretohavebighips,amoderatetan,andashortheight.Asisdescribedinthearticle,insoutheasternNigeria,Coca-Cola-bottlevoluptuousnessiscelebratedandamplebacksidesandbosomsareconsideredidealsoffemalebeauty.
What‘s more,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Forinstance,duringtimes
offamine,theidealstandardofbeautyforwomenisamuchlargerbodysize.Largersizeandmorebodyfatmayreflectone‘sstatus;foritsuggeststhatthepersoniswellfedandhealthy.Thinnessthenwouldreflectmalnutrition.However,duringtimesofplenty,plumpnessisnotareflectionof
status. People may easily associate fatness with hypertension, heart disease or other potentialdiseases.Likewise,duringerasinwhichlower-classlaborshadtotoilpredominantlyoutsideforhoursaday,tannedskinwasanindicationoflowerstatus,andthereforetheidealstandardoffemalebeautywas very paleskin; women duringthosetimes actuallyused a lot of white powderedcosmeticstoexaggeratethepalenessoftheirskin.Now,however,tanisareflectionofhavingmoreleisuretimespentonseashoresinsteadofworkinginanofficeallthetime,andthereforeitmaysuggesthigherstatus,sowomenstrivefordarkerskintones.
Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.
GroupWork
Firstsharewithyourgroupmemberwhateverexperiencesyouhavehadincommunicationeventsthatcanbeconsideredasintercultural.Thenworktogethertodecidewhethereachofthefollowingcasesofcommunicationispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.Trytoplaceallthecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalness,fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural.
Allthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferinthe extenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichis moreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.
The followingis tentativelysuggested for measuringthe interculturalness ofthecases ofcommunication,andthecasesarepresentedfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:
CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;
Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;
Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;
Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;
Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).
Debate
Theclassistobedividedintotwogroupsanddebateonthetwodifferentviewsmentionedinthefollowing on intercultural communication. State your point of view clearly and support yourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantiveevidence.
Pro:
People are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other.
(Commonalityprecedes)
Con:
Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)
PossibleArgumentsforPro:
1. Humanbeingstendtodrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature.Weallsharethecommonbasicneeds.
2. Rapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetworkshavemadeitfareasierthaneverbeforeforpeoplethroughouttheworldtocontactwithoneanother.
3. Theprocessofglobalizationmayreducetheregionaldifferencesbetweenpeopleallovertheworld.Weareallmembersofthe―globalvillage‖.
4. Economicinterdependenceintoday‘sworldrequirespeopleofdifferentcountriestointeracton
anunprecedentedscale,andmoreinteractionwillresultinmoresimilarityamongpeople.
5. Moreandmorepeoplefromvariouscultureshavetoworkandlivetogetherandtheywilladapttoeachothertosuchanextentthatculturaldifferencesbetweenthemmaynolongermatter.
PossibleArgumentsforCon:
1. Peoplethroughouttheworldmaybesimilarinmanyaspects,butdifferencesinhabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.
2. Thoughthebasichumanneedsareuniversallythesame,peopleallovertheworldsatisfytheirbasiccommonhumanneedsindifferentways.
3. Asoursocietyisbecomingmoreandmorediversified,differencesbetweenpeopletendtogrowlargerinsomeaspects.
4. Itisdifferencesbetweenpeoplethatunderliethenecessityofcommunication,anditdoesnotfollowthatcommunicationwhichmayincreasethepossibilityofunderstandingbetweenpeoplew
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- 文化 交际 unit1 答案
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