WordFormation 词汇学论文构词法.docx
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WordFormation 词汇学论文构词法.docx
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WordFormation词汇学论文构词法
Word-Formation词汇学论文构词法-
Word-Formation
Abstract:
AfurtherwaybesidesborrowinginwhichthevocabularyofEnglishhasexpandedtoaccommodatetothenaturalandsocialworldinwhichitisusedhasbeentoemploymeansinternaltothelanguageitselffordevisingnewword.Thisistheareaofword-formation.Morphologicalproductivitycanbedefinedasthepropertyofagivenwordformationprocesstobeusedtoderiveanewwordinasystematicfashion.Mostlinguistsdividetheword-formationintomajorword-formationandminorword-formation.
Themajorword-formationalprocessesare:
-Affixation
-Compounding
-Conversion
Theminorword-formationalprocessesare:
-Abbreviation
-Backformation
-Onomatopoeia
KeyWord:
affixation,derivative,compounding,abbreviation,onomatopoeia
1Affixation
Affixation,alsocalledderivation,isaprocessinwhichafreemorphiscombinedwithaboundmorph,aprefix,orasuffix.Itisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestodifferenttypesofbases.Therearetwotypesofderivative.Onebasesonfreerootwithaffixorboundroot,theotherbasesonboundwithaffixorotherboundroot.
1.1Typesofaffixes
-prefixes
-suffixes
-infixes
ModernEnglishhasanumberofhighlyproductiveaffixes.Forexample,theprefixovercanbeaddedtoverbswhichexpressactivitiestoindicatethattoomuchhastakenplace,i.e.somethinghasbeenoverdone,cf.overcook,overcoat,overstay.
Likewise,thesuffix–nesscanbeaddedtoanadjectivemakeanoundesignatingthequalityexpressbytheadjective,itsnouniness,sotospeak.
1.2Twotypesofderivative’sstructure
1.2.1Freeroot+affix/boundroot
1)prefix+freeroot
e.g.:
Indefinite(a.uncertain),unforgettable(a.memorable),
minibus(coach)
2)free+suffix
e.g.:
wealthy(a.rich),successful(a,achievingaims),extremely
(adv,toaveryhighde.g.ree),comfortably(adv.inacomfortable
way)
3)prefix+freeroot+suffix
e.g.:
enrichment(a.sb/sthbeingrichorricher),international(a.
connectedwithtwoormorecountries),unchangeable(a.thatcannot
bechanged)
4)combiningform+freeroot
e.g.Afro-American,Afro-Asian,techno-chemistry,microwave
1.2.2Boundroot+affix/boundroot
1)prefix+boundroot(withoutformation)
e.g.contradict(v.tosaysbhassaidiswrong),descend(v.godown),
despair(v.giveupallhope)
2)boundroot(withoutformation)+suffix
e.g.confidence(n.trustin),liberate(v.emancipation),linguist(n.a
personwhoknowsseveralforeignlanguageswell)
3)prefix+boundroot(withoutformation)
e.g.distinctive(a.special),intolerable(a.can’tbear),contradiction
(n.alackofagreementbetweenfacts)
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4)combiningform+combiningform
e.g.macrobiosis(n.longlife),microscope(n.aninstrumentusedin
scientificstudyformakingverysmallthinglooklarger)2Compounding
Compositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,thatis,acompound.CompoundingisperhapsthemostcommonwayofexpandingthevocabularyofEnglish.Itallowsuserstocombinetwofamiliarwordstoformanewlexeme.
Veryoftencompoundsarewrittenastwowords,whichmeansthattheyareacceptedintodictionariesalittlereluctantly.Certainly,dictionariesseemnottolistcompoundsinanythinglikethenumbersinwhichtheyareinuse.Thismaybejustifiedperhapsbecausecompoundsarefrequentlytransparentandtheirmeaningsarerelativelyaccessiblewithoutadictionary.Furthermore,manyofthemdonotbecomelexicalized,buthaveaverytransitorylife.
Accordingtothewords’characteristic,therearecompoundnouns,compoundadjectives,compoundpronouns,compoundverbs,compoundadverbs,etc.2.1CompoundNouns
n.+n.:
barcode,mousemat,Website
a.+n.:
blueprint,compactdisc
adv.+n.:
offchance,overdose,underclothes
-ing+n.:
learningstrate.g.y,marketingcampaign,parkingmeter
n.+v.:
daybreak,earthquake,parkingmeter
adv+n:
downfall,income,offset,output,uplift
v.+adv.:
get-together,handout,makeup
n.+-ing:
air-conditioning,brainstorming,familyplanning
prep.+n.:
afternoon,by-product,overcoat
2.2CompoundAdjectives
Asadjectiveisacore:
airsick,band-new;dark-blue,icy-cold;
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all-mighty,evergreen,overripe
Asnounisacore:
blue-collar,present-day;breaknecl,cross-country;
chicken-hearted,dog-eared,wine-colored
As–ingor–edisacore:
energy-saving,epoch-marking;easy-going,
far-reaching;mass-produced,poverty-stricken;absent-minded,
half-done,newly-built
2.3CompoundVerbs
1)Formedbyback-formation:
house-keepfromhousekeeper
windowshopfromwindow-shopping
henpeckfromhenpecked
2)Formedbyconversion:
toblue-print
tocold-shoulder
tohoneymoon
3)adv.+v.:
cross-question
offset
overthrow
3Conversion
Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation.Inotherwords,conversionorzeroderivationisatypewordclasschangewithouttheaddition,removal,orchangeofanyelementintheword.Inthisprocessanounmaybeusedasaverboraverbcanbeusedasanoun.Furthermore,anouncanbeusedattributivelyasanadjective.Themostfrequenttypeofconversionisfromnountoverb,probablybecausetherearesorelativelyfewverbalizingaffixesinEnglish.3.1n.?
v.
1)toputin/on,suchas,bottle(n.)?
tobottle(=toput…intoabottle)
2)togive,toprovidewith,suchas,butter(n.)?
tobutter(=tospreadbutter
on)
3)todepriveof,suchas,skin(n.)?
toskin(=toremovetheskinfrom)
4
4)to…with,suchas,hammer(n.)?
tohammer(=tostrikewithahammer)
5)tobe/actas…withrespectto,suchas,ape(n)?
toape(=toimitatelikea
ape)
6)tomake/change…into,suchas,fool(n.)?
tofool(=tomakeafoolof)
7)tosend…/goby,suchas,bicycle(n.)?
tobicycle(=togobybicycle)
3.2adj.?
v.
bare(adj.)?
tobare,calm(adj.)?
toclam,brave(adj.)?
tobrave
3.3v.?
n.
Verbconvertingintonounexpresstheverb’soriginalactionorcondition
mostly,suchas,attempt,look,swim,smile,walk,etc.
3.4adj.?
n.
Mostadjectivecanbeusedasnoun,suchas,anAmerican,anCanadian,
etc.Therearethreetypeofconversion,fullconversion,partialconversion
andspecialconversion.
3.5n.?
adj.
abrickgarage(Thegarageisbrick.)
acottondress(Thedressiscotton.)
agoldwatch,anironbox,thejobmarket
4Shortening
Abbreviationorshorteningisthewayofshorteningorsimplifyingsyllablestomakenewwords.Therearevariousformsofabbreviation,butmainformsarefour:
clippedword,initialism,acronym,blend.
4.1Clippings
SpeakersofEnglishhaveagreattendencytoshortenwords.Thistermreferstotheprocessbywhichawordoftwoormoresyllablesisshortenedwithoutachangeinitsfunctiontakingplace.Itincludesapocope,aphaeresis,frontandbackclipping,andsyncope.
1)Apocope
approx.?
approximately,auto?
automobile
5
2)Aphaeresis
burger?
hamburger,bus?
omnibus
3)Frontandbackclippings
Theshorteningmayoccuratthestartandtheendoftheword.e.g.,flu(=influenza)/fridge(=refrigerator)/tec(=detective)
4)Syncope
fluidics?
fluidonics,fossilation?
fossilization
Contractionswhichistheclippingwordwithpunctuationalsocanberegardedasthistype.
4.2InitialismsandAcronyms
Initialismsarewordsfromtheinitiallettersofwordswhicharepronouncedassequencesofletterse.g.,EEC.Acronymsarealsoformedfromtheinitiallettersofwords,butarepronouncedasaword,e.g.radar(radiodetectingandranging).Acronymshavealwaysbeenanintegralpartofcomputerculture,andtheyhavesincespawnedanewlanguageontheInternet.Commonlythoughtofasaseriesoflettersthatmakeupa“word”thereisadistinctionbetweenacronymsandshorthand.
4.3Blends
Blendsarewordsformedbycombiningthefirstelementofthefirstwordandthelastelementofthesecondword.Blendsarecreatedoriginallyforcomiceffect.Followingaresomeexamples:
Chunnel(=channel+tunnel)/brunch(=breakfast+lunch)/
motel(=motorist+hotel)
5Back-formation
Back-formationistheprocessofword-buildingbywhichelementsaresubtractedfromacomplexword.
e.g.beggar---begburglar---burgle
Themajorityofbackformedwordsareverbs.Therearetwotypesofsyntacticrelationinverbcompoundsformedbybackformation:
1)Object+verbassightsee(fromsight-seeing)meaningsomebodysees
6
sights.Similarexamplesare:
globe-trot(fromglobe-trotteror
globe-trotting).
2)Adverbial+verb,asspring-clean(fromspring-cleaning)meaning
somebodycleansinthespring.
Back-formationsofallkindsaremorefrequentlyfoundininformalthaninformallanguage.
6Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeiaisaword-formationwhichimitatethesound.Imitativewordsarewordsformedbyimitationofsound.Imitativewordsdivideintoprimaryonomatopoeiaandsecondaryonomatopoeia.
Thebarkingofadog.
Thecrackofawhip.
Therollofthunder.
Thetinklingofbells.
Therearethreetypesofwordsformedbyimitationofsound:
1)Therepetitionofwords:
quack;ticktack
2)Therepetitionofwordswithavowelchange:
clitter-clatter;ping-pong;
tick-tack.
3)Repeatingoneormoresyllableswithaconsonantchange:
rub-a-dubt;
ran-dan
Reference:
WangRongpei,WangZhijiang,AnAdvancedReaderofEnglish
Lexicology,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2006
汪榕培,王之江,《英语词汇学》,上海外语教育出版社,2
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