英语语言学笔记16页.docx
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英语语言学笔记16页.docx
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英语语言学笔记16页
第一章
语文课本中的文章都是精选的比较优秀的文章,还有不少名家名篇。
如果有选择循序渐进地让学生背诵一些优秀篇目、精彩段落,对提高学生的水平会大有裨益。
现在,不少语文教师在分析课文时,把文章解体的支离破碎,总在文章的技巧方面下功夫。
结果教师费劲,学生头疼。
分析完之后,学生收效甚微,没过几天便忘的一干二净。
造成这种事倍功半的尴尬局面的关键就是对文章读的不熟。
常言道“书读百遍,其义自见”,如果有目的、有计划地引导学生反复阅读课文,或细读、默读、跳读,或听读、范读、轮读、分角色朗读,学生便可以在读中自然领悟文章的思想内容和写作技巧,可以在读中自然加强语感,增强语言的感受力。
久而久之,这种思想内容、写作技巧和语感就会自然渗透到学生的语言意识之中,就会在写作中自觉不自觉地加以运用、创造和发展。
1.Whatislanguage?
课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。
为什么?
还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。
要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。
可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。
这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。
这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication
其实,任何一门学科都离不开死记硬背,关键是记忆有技巧,“死记”之后会“活用”。
不记住那些基础知识,怎么会向高层次进军?
尤其是语文学科涉猎的范围很广,要真正提高学生的写作水平,单靠分析文章的写作技巧是远远不够的,必须从基础知识抓起,每天挤一点时间让学生“死记”名篇佳句、名言警句,以及丰富的词语、新颖的材料等。
这样,就会在有限的时间、空间里给学生的脑海里注入无限的内容。
日积月累,积少成多,从而收到水滴石穿,绳锯木断的功效。
2.Designfeaturesoflanguage
①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)
②Duality(二层性):
Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
③Productivity/creativity(创造性):
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
④Displacement(移位性):
HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)
3.Functionsoflanguage
①Informative(信息功能):
togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)
②Interpersonal(人际功能):
toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)
③Performative(施为功能):
languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)
④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):
toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.
⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):
tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)
⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):
theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)
⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):
totalkaboutlanguageitself.
4.Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
5.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
Descriptive&prescriptive
Synchronic&diachronic
Langue&parole
Competence&performance
6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)
Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:
“neveruseadoublenegative”)
7.Synchronicstudy(共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)
Diachronicstudy(历时)—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
第四章
1.WhatisSyntax(句法)?
Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则
2.FourApproaches:
Thetraditionalapproach传统语言观(Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范畴、Concordandgovernment一致关系和支配关系)、Thestructuralapproach结构语言观、Thegenerativeapproach、Thefunctionalapproach功能语言观
3.Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesasasequenceofwords,soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyofwords,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.
4.Partsofspeech
Traditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:
nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.
5.ThetermCategory范畴insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:
thecategoriesofthenoun名词的范畴,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability(case);
thecategoriesoftheverb动词的范畴:
tense,aspect,voice,etc.
6.Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名词和不可数名词.
Twotermsofnumberinnouns:
singularandplural单数和复数
Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs
7.Genderisalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.
InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.
8.Caseisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在词类分析中,格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系
InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格,accusative受格,andgenitive与格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格
InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealisedinthreechannels:
(a)inflection(b)followingapreposition(c)wordorder
9.Tense时态:
theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:
pastandpresent.
Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.
10.Aspect体:
Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.
Perfective(完成体)andImperfective(进行体)
PerfectiveandProgressive(inEnglish)
11.Voice语态:
describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubject
Passive被动语态andactive主动语态
12.Concordandgovernment
①Concord(一致关系)referstoagreementbetweenwords,especiallybetweenaverbandthesubjectofasentence.
②Government(支配关系)isatypeofgrammaticalrelationshipbetweentwoormoreelementsinasentence.
Intraditionalgrammar,thetermgovernmenthastypicallybeenusedtorefertotherelationshipbetweenverbsandnounsorbetweenprepositionsandnouns.
13.TheStructuralApproach,由FerdinanddeSaussure提出
14.SyntacticRelations:
Positionalrelations位置关系、Relationsofsubstitutability替代关系、Relationsofco-occurrence同现关系
15.Immediateconstituent(直接成分)isanymeaningfulconstituentatthefirststepinananalysis.
16.Anendocentricconstruction(向心结构)isaconstructionthatcontains:
1)ahead,whichisthesingleobligatoryelementintheconstruction;
2)oneormoreoptionalelementssubordinatetothehead.
17.theme(主位)referstotheknowninformationwhichisnotnewtothereaderorlistener
Rheme(述位)referstotheinformationthatisnew.Thenewinformationiswhatistobetransmittedtothereaderorlistener
ThelinguistsofthePragueschoolbelievedthatsentencemaybeanalyzedfromthefunctionalsideaswellasthegrammaticalside.
subject,predicate(grammaticalside)
theme,rheme(functionalside)
第五章
1.WhatisSemantics?
Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningofwords,phrasesandsentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科
2.GeoffreyLeech利奇Seventypesofmeaning7种意义类型:
①Conceptualmeaning概念意义
②Connotativemeaning内涵意义
③Socialmeaning社会意义
④Affectivemeaning感情意义AssociativeMeaning联想意义(②——⑥)
⑤Reflectedmeaning反射意义
⑥Collocativemeaning搭配意义
⑦Thematicmeaning主位意义
3.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)isalsocalled“denotative”(外延义)anditisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.概念意义也叫外延义,它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系
Conceptualmeaningismeaninggiveninthedictionary.
4.Associativemeaning(联想意义)isthetotalofallthemeaningsapersonthinksofwhentheyheartheword
Associativemeaningisthemeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.
5.Thematicmeaning(主位意义)is“whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的
6.TheReferentialTheory(指称理论):
①TheReferentialTheory
②TheSemanticTriangle
③SenseandReference
7.Thereferentialtheory指称理论isthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论
8.Thesemantictriangle语意三角istheindirectrelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoanditismediatedbyconcept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系,它们是以概念为中介的
9.Sense(涵义)isasetofpropertiespossessedbyaname.
10.Reference(指称)isthesymbolicrelationshipthatalinguisticexpressionhaswiththeconcreteobject.
11.Thesenseofanexpressionisthethoughtitexpresses,whileitsreferenceistheobjectitrepresents
Everywordhasasense,butnoteverywordhasareference.
12.SenseRelations涵义关系
①Synonymy(同义关系)
②Antonymy(反义关系)(Gradable、Complementary、Converse)
③Hyponymy(上下义关系)
13.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theymaydifferinstyle,connotationsanddialect.
14.Gradableantonymy(等级反义关系)、Complementaryantonymy(互补反义关系)、Converseantonymy(反向反义关系)
15.Componentialanalysisisanapproachtothestudyofmeaningwhichanalysesawordintoasetofmeaningcomponents.
16.SentenceMeaning
17.Senserelationsbetweensentences
①Synonymity(同义)
a.Hewasabachelorallhislife.
b.Henevermarriedallhisboy.
Sentencesaandbareinasynonymousrelationship:
thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthetruthofanothersentence
②Inconsistency(矛盾)
a.ElizabethIIisQueenofEngland.
b.ElizabethIIisaman.
Sentencesaandbareinarelationshipofcontradiction:
thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence.
③Entailment(蕴涵)
a.Hemarriedablondeheiress.
b.Hemarriedablonde.
Entailmentreferstoakindofmeaninginclusion.Ifxentailsy,themeaningofxisincludediny.
④Presupposition(前提预设)
Itiswhataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemessagealreadyknows.
⑤Contradiction(矛盾)
⑥Semanticanomaly(语义反常)
18.Anintegratedtheory
﹡Compositionality(组合性原则):
themeaningofasentencedependsonthemeanin
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