机器人外文翻译.docx
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机器人外文翻译.docx
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机器人外文翻译
附录:
Therobot
1.Theroleofrobots
”TheroleofrobotsIsahigh-levelintegrationofcontroltheory,robotics,machineryandelectronics,computers,materialsandbionicproduct.Inindustry,medicine,agriculture,constructionandeventhemilitaryhaveimportantapplicationsinsuchareas.Now,theinternationalconceptofrobotshasbeengraduallyapproachingthesame.Ingeneral,peoplecanaccepttheclaimthattherobotiscontrolledbyitsownpowerandabilitytoachievethevariousfunctionsofamachine.TheUnitedNationsOrganizationforStandardizationadoptedbytheAmericanFederationofRoboticstotherobotunderthedefinition:
"aprogrammableandversatile,usedtomovematerials,parts,tools,operatingmachines;ortoperformdifferenttaskshavetochangeandProgrammableactionspecializedsystems.
2.Evaluationcriteria
CapacityofevaluationcriteriaRobotcapabilityevaluationcriteriainclude:
intelligence,referstofeelingsandperceptions,includingmemory,calculation,comparison,identification,judging,decision-making,learningandlogicalreasoning,etc.;function,referstoflexibility,versatilityorspaceoccupied,etc.;physicscanbemeansthepower,speed,continuousoperationcapability,reliability,combinedwithnature,lifeandsoon.Therefore,itcanbesaidrobotisabiologicalfunctionofthree-dimensionalcoordinatesofthemachine.
3.Compositionoftherobot
ThecompositionoftherobotRobotsingeneralbytheexecutingagency,drives,detectiondevicesandcontrolsystem,etc..Implementingagency,therobotbody,thebuttocksgenerallyusethespaceforopen-chainlinkages,themovementofwhichtheDeputy(rotateormovetheDeputyVice-)oftenreferredtoasjoints,andjointsshallbethenumberofrobotsareusuallyafewdegreesoffreedom.Accordingtojointconfigurationtypesandthedifferentformsofmovementcoordinates,therobotimplementingagenciescanbedividedintorectangulartype,cylindricalcoordinatetype,polarcoordinatetypeandothertypesofjointcoordinatetype.Foranthropomorphicconsiderations,oftentherelevantpartsoftherobotbodyareknownasthebase,waist,arm,wrist,hand(gripperorendeffector)andtheMinistryofwalking(formobilerobot),etc..Drivedeviceisdrivenbymovementofthebodyimplementingagencies,inaccordancewiththedirectivesissuedbythesignalcontrolsystem,bymeansofdynamiccomponents,therobotactionisneeded.Itistheinputsignal,theoutputistheline,theamountofangulardisplacement.Driverobotismainlyusedinelectricdrives,suchassteppermotors,servomotors,etc.Inaddition,thereisalsohydraulic,pneumatic,etc.drives.
Detectingdeviceistheroleofreal-timedetectionrobot'smovementandworkoftherequiredfeedbacktothecontrolsystem,comparedwiththeconfigurationinformation,therighttoadjusttheimplementingagenciestoensuretherobot'smovementstomeettheintendedrequirements.Asasensordetectingdevicecanbedividedintotwocategories:
oneisinternalinformationsensorsfordetectingtheinternalsituationinvariouspartsofrobots,suchasthejointposition,velocity,acceleration,etc.,andthemeasuredinformationasafeedbackthesignalsenttothecontroller,toformaclosed-loopcontrol.Theotherisexternalinformationsensors,usedtoobtaininformationabouttheoperationofrobotsandotherobjectsandexternalenvironmentofinformation,sothattherobotmovestoadapttochangingcircumstances,sothattoachieveahigherlevelofautomation,eventhemachinepersonhasacertain"feel"totheintelligentdevelopment,suchasvisual,soundandotherexternalsensorssensegivenobjectofwork,informationabouttheworkingenvironment,theuseofsuchinformationconstitutesamajorfeedbackloop,whichwillgreatlyenhancetheworkoftherobotaccuracy.Controlsystemintwoways.Oneisthecentralizedcontrol,thatis,therobot'scontrolbyamicrocomputertocomplete.Theotherisdecentralized(level)-typecontrol,whichusesmultiplecomputerstosharethecontrolofrobots,suchaswhenusingtheupperandlowertwocomputerstogethertocompletetherobotcontrol,thehostoftenusedforsystemmanagement,communication,kinematicsanddynamicscalculations,tosendcommandstothelower-levelcomputerinformation;asajuniorfromthemachine,thejointscorrespondingtoaCPU,forinterpolationandservocontrolprocessingoperationstoachieveagivenmovement,tothehostfeedback.Accordingtothedifferentoperationalmissionrequirements,therobotcontrolmodecanbedividedintopointtopointcontrol,continuouspathcontrolandforce(torque)control.
4.HistoryofRobots
RobotHistory1920CzechoslovakiawriterKarelCapekinhis•sci-finovel"Rossum'sUniversalRobotscompany",accordingtoRobota(Czech,intendedto"labor,slavelabor")andRobotnik(Polish,theoriginalintentas"workers"),tocreatea"robot"istheword.WorldExpo1939inNewYorkondisplayattheWestinghouseElectricCompanymanufacturedhomerobotElektro.Itiscontrolledbyacable,youcanwalk,say77words,orevensmoke,butstillfarfromtherealchores.Butitgivepeopleavisionofdomesticrobotstobecomemorespecific.Asimovsci-fimasters1942,theUnitedStatesputforwardthe"ThreeLawsofRobotics."Althoughthisisonlythecreationofsciencefiction,butlaterbecametheprincipleofacademicresearchanddevelopmentbydefault.•In1948NorbertWeinerpublishedin"controltheory"toexplainthemachineinthecommunicationandcontrolfunctionandthenervous,sensoryfunctionofthecommonlaw,firstproposedasthecoreofcomputer-automatedfactory.1954,AmericanGeorge•Dwyercreatedtheworld'sfirstprogrammablerobotandregisteredpatents.Thismechanicalhandinaccordancewithdifferentprogramsindifferentjobs,sohastheversatilityandflexibility.1956Dartmouthmeeting•MarvinMinskyhasmadehisviewsonintelligentmachines:
SmartMachine"tocreateanabstractmodelofthesurroundingenvironment,ifyouencounterproblems,fromabstractmodeltofindasolution".Thisdefinitionaffectsthesubsequent30yearsofintelligentrobotresearchdirection.DwyerandtheUnitedStatesin1959,inventorJoseph•Ingeborgjoinedhandstocreatethefirstindustrialrobot.Subsequently,theestablishmentoftheworld'sfirstarobotmanufacturingplant-Unimationcompany.AsIngeborgR&Dforindustrialrobotsandpublicity,hewasknownasthe"fatherofindustrialrobots."AMFInc.in1962,theUnitedStatesproduced"VERSTRAN"(meaninguniversalhandling),andUnimationproducedUnimateasatrulycommercialindustrialrobots,andexportedtocountriesaroundtheworld,settingoffaworldwidestudyofrobotsandrobottheglobe.1962-1,963yearstheapplicationofsensorstoimprovetheoperabilityoftherobot.Peopletryallkindsofsensorsinstalledontherobot,includingthe1961Ernstusedintactilesensors,TomovicandBoni1962,theworld'sfirst"smarthand"ontheuseofpressuresensors,whiletheMcCarthyin1963,hasbeguntoaddvisualsensorinrobotsystem,andin1965,helpedMITlaunchedtheworld'sfirstwithavisionsensorthatcanidentifyandlocatebuildingblocksoftheroboticsystem.1965JohnsHopkinsUniversityAppliedPhysicsLaboratory•developedBeastrobot.Beasthasbeenthroughsonarsystems,photoelectrictubesandotherdevices,theenvironmentalcorrectionownposition.60mid-20thcentury,theU.S.MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,StanfordUniversity,UniversityofEdinburgh,beensetupintherobotlab.TheUnitedStateswiththeriseofthesecond-generationsensorsresearch,"therefeel"oftherobot,artificialintelligenceandtoworktowardsit.Theworld'sfirstintelligentrobotShakeyStanfordResearchInstitutein1968,theUnitedStatesannouncedthattheysuccessfullydevelopedarobotShakey.Itiswithavisionsensor,accordingtotheinstructionsofpeopletodiscoverandcrawlthebuildingblocksofacomputertocontrolit,butthereisaroomsomuch.Shakeycanberegardedastheworld'sfirstintelligentrobot,beginningthepreludetothethirdgenerationofrobotresearchanddevelopment.1969,IchiroKato,WasedaUniversityLaboratorydevelopedthefirstrobottowalk,walk.IchiroKato,thelong-termcommitmenttoresearchhumanoidrobot,knownas"thefatherofhumanoidrobot."Japaneseexpertshasbeentodevelophumanoidrobotsandrobottechnology,knownforentertainment,thengoonestepfurtherhastenedthedevelopmentofHonda'sASIMOandSony'sQRIO.In1973theworld'sfirstrobotandsmallcomputerstoworktogether,theygavebirthtotheU.S.companyCincinnatiMilacronrobotT3.Unimationintroducedin1978,theU.S.generalindustrialrobotPUMA,whichmarkstheindustrialrobottechnologyhasreachedfullmaturity.PUMAisstillworkinthefactoryintheforefront.1984IngeborgpushedrobotHelpmate,therobotcandelivermealstopatientsinthehospitalandgetdrugs,tosende-mail.Inthesameyear,hepredicted:
"Iwantrobotstocleanthefloor,cooking,washingouttohelpmetochecksecurity."In1998DenmarkintroducedLegoRobot(Mind-storms)package,sogetwiththebuilding-blockrobotmanufacturingthesame,relativelysimpleandcanarbitrarilyassembled,therobotstartedtoentertheprivateworld.In1999SonyintroducedAiborobotdog(AIBO),immediatelysoldout,andfromentertainmentrobotsbecometherobotforwardoneofthewaysordinaryfamily.In2002theU.S.introducedtheiRobotroboticvacuumcleanerRoomba,itcanavoidobstacles,automaticdesignoftheroadroute,butalsointhepowerisinsufficient,automaticallytowardschargingseat.Roombaistheworld'slargest-sellingandmostcommercialhouseholdr
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