集美大学研究生考试学硕参考阅读.docx
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集美大学研究生考试学硕参考阅读.docx
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集美大学研究生考试学硕参考阅读
Anewhigh-performancecontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityofHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingpeople'svisionsharperthanthatofcats.
Billieandhisteamworkwithanopticalinstrumentcalledanactivemirror—adeviceusedinastronomicaltelescopestospotnewlyemergingstarsandfardistantgalaxies.Connectedtoawave-frontsensorthattracksandmeasuresthecourseofalaserbeamintotheeyeandback,thealuminummirrordetectsthedeficienciesofthecornea,thetransparentprotectivelayercoveringthelensofthehumaneye.Thehighlyprecisedatafromthetwoinstruments—which,Billiehopes,willonedaybefoundattheopticians(眼镜商)allovertheworld—serveasabasisfortheproductionofcompletelyindividualizedcontactlensesthatcorrectandenhancethewearer'svision.
Byday,Billie’scontactlenseswillfocusraysoflightsoaccuratelyontheretina(视网膜)thattheimageofasmallleafortheoutlineofafardistanttreewillbeformedwithasharpnessthatsurpassesthatofconventionalvisionaidsbyalmosthalfadiopter(屈光度).Atnight,thelenseshaveanevengreaterpotential.“Becausethenewlens—incontrasttothealreadyexistingones—alsoworkswhenit'sdarkandthepupiliswideopen,”saysBillie,“lenswearerswillbeabletoidentifyafaceatadistanceof100meters”—80metersfartherthantheywouldnormallybeabletosee.Inhisexperimentsnightvisionwasenhancedbyanevengreaterfactor:
insemi-darkness,testsubjectscouldseeupto15timesbetterthanwithoutthelenses.
Billie’slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2014,andonetentativeplanistousetheInternettotransmitinformationonpatients'visualdefectsfromtheopticiantothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.Thephysicistexpectsthelensestocostaboutadollarapair,aboutthesameasconventionalone-daydisposablelenses.
76.Thenewcontactlensismeantfor_____________.
A.astronomicalobservationsB.thenightblind
C.thosewithvisiondefectsD.opticalexperiments
77.Whatdo“thetwoinstruments”(Line5,Para.2)referto?
A.Theastronomicaltelescopeandthewave-frontsensor.
B.Thealuminummirrorandthelaserbeam.
C.Theactivemirrorandthecontactlens.
D.Thealuminummirrorandthewave-frontsensor.
78.“Individualizedcontactlenses”(Line7,Para.2)arelensesdesigned_____.
A.toworklikeanastronomicaltelescope
B.tosuitthewearer'sspecificneeds
C.toprocessextremelyaccuratedata
D.totestthewearer'seyesight
79.AccordingtoBillie,withthenewlensesthewearer'svision_____.
A.willbefarbetteratnightthaninthedaytime
B.maybebroadenedabout15timesthanwithoutthem
C.canbebetterimprovedinthedaytimethanatnight
D.willbesharperbyamuchgreaterdegreeatnightthaninthedaytime
80.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBillie’slenses?
A.Theirproductionprocessiscomplicated.
B.Theywillbesoldataverylowprice.
C.Theyhavetobereplacedeveryday.
D.PurchaseorderscanbemadethroughtheInternet.
Key:
CDBDB
Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicesuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.
RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviation(航空)industry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesban(禁止)suchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledeviceemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.
Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerable(易受损的)tointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.
21.Thepassageismainlyabout________.
A)anewregulationforalairlines
B)thedefectsofelectronicdevices
C)apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes
D)effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight
22.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast15years?
A)Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamagetotheradiosystems.
B)Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding.
C)Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengers’portablecomputers.
D)Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference.
23.Fewairlineswanttoimposeatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause________.
A)theydon’tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerference
B)theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeproved
C)mostpassengersrefusetotakeaplanewhichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayers
D)theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon
24.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane’scomputers?
A)Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane.
B)Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith.
C)Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethesameeffectsinlabs.
D)Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch.
25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor________.
A)isinfavorofprohibitingpassengers’useofelectronicdevicescompletely
B)hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference
C)hasn’tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem
D)regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight
Itisoneofourproblemsthataswebecomecrowdedtogether,thesoundswemaketoeachother,inourincreasinglycomplexcommunicationsystems,becomemorerandom-sounding,accidentalorincidental,andwehavetroubleselectingmeaningfulsignalsoutofthenoise.Onereasonis,ofcourse,thatwedonotseemabletorestrictourcommunicationtoinformation-bearing,relevantsignals.Givenanynewtechnologyfortransmittinginformation,weseemboundtouseitforgreatquantitiesofsmalltalk.Weareonlysavedbymusicfrombeingoverwhelmedbynonsense.
Itisamarginalcomforttoknowthattherelativelynewscienceofbioacousticsmustdealwithsimilarproblemsinthesoundsmadebyotheranimalstoeachother.Nomatterwhatsound-makingdeviceisplacedattheirdisposal,creaturesingeneraldoagreatdealofgabbling,anditrequireslongpatienceandobservationtoeditthepartslackingsyntaxandsense.
Somewhere,underlyingallothersignals,isacontinualmusic.Termites(白蚁)makedrummingsoundstoeachotherbybeatingtheirheadsagainstthefloorinthedark,resonatingcorridorsoftheirnest.Thesoundhasbeendescribedasresembling,tothehumanear,sandfallingonpaper,butspectrographicanalysisofsoundrecordshasrecentlyrevealedahighdegreeoforganizationinthedrumming;thebeatsoccurinregular,rhythmicphrases,differinginduration,likenotesforakettledrumsection.
Fromtimetotime,certaintermitesmakeajerkymovementoftheirmandiblestoproducealoud,high-pitchedclickingsound,audibletenmetersoff.Somucheffortgoesintothisonenotethatitmusthaveurgentmeaning,atleasttothesender.Hecannotmakeitwithoutsuchawrenchthatheisflungoneortwocentimetersintotheairbytherecoil.
Thereisobvioushazardintryingtoassignaparticularmeaningtothisspecialkindofsoundandproblemslikethiswhichexistthroughoutthefieldofbioacoustics.Onecanimagineaclear-headedvisitorfromouterspace,interestedinhumanbeings,discerningonhisspectrographtheclickofthatgolfballonthesurfaceofthemoon,andtryingtoaccountforitasacallofwarning(unlikely),asignalofmating(outofquestion),oranannouncementofterritory(couldbe).
1.Accordingtotheauthor,humansoundcommunication____________
A.ismoresignificantthananimals’soundcommunication
B.canonlydependontechnologytotransmitinformation
C.involvesplentyofsignalsthatmakenosense
D.isfarfrommeaningful
2.Whatdoes“smalltalk”inPara.1mean?
A.It’scasualconversation.
B.It’sveryshortconversation.
C.It’stheconversationamongveryfewpeople.
D.It’stheconversationamongyoungpeople.
3.WelearnformPara.2that___________.
A.allthesoundsmadebyanimalsaremeaningful
B.humansarebetterlinguiststhananimals
C.humansarehappytoseethatanimalshavethesamesoundproblems
D.bioacousticscanhelpdecodethesoundsofanimals
4.Thebeatingsoundofthetermite__________.
A.hasitsownrhythmsandconnotations
B.i
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