天坛The Temple of Heaven.docx
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天坛The Temple of Heaven.docx
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天坛TheTempleofHeaven
WorldCulturalHeritage------TheTempleofHeaven
INTRODUCTION
TheTempleofHeavenissituatedinthesouthernpartofBeijing.Itwasbuiltin1420intheMingDynasty.Ithasatotalareaof273hectares.TheTempleofHeavenisnotonlythelargestgroupoftemplebuildingsinChina,butalsothelargestheaven-worshippingarchitecturesintheworld.
In1961,ChineseGovernmentlistedTheTempleofHeavenasoneoftheimportanthistoricalmonumentsunderspecialpreservation,andin1898itwaslistedasaworldcultureheritagesitebyUNESCO.
THEHISTORYOFTHETEMPLEOFHEAVEN
WhenEmperorZhuDidecidedtomovedthecapitalfromNanjingtoBeijing,theconstructionoftheimperialpalacewasstartedin1406.AtthesametimehechosetobuildaHeavenworshippingaltarinthisarea,whichisabout2.5kilometerssoutheastoutsidetheFrontGate,thesouthgateoftheinnercity,anditwascompletedin1420.
WhentheTempleofHeavenwasfirstbuiltin1420,itwascalledtheTempleofHeavenandEarth.Atthattime,bothheavenandearthwereworshipedhere.Butin1530,EmperorJiajingbuilttheTempleofEarthinthenorthernpartofBeijing,andthenHeavenandEarthwereworshippedseparately.EversincethenitwasrenamedtheTempleofHeaven.Apartfromthat,theAlterofSunwasbuiltintheeasternpartofBeijingandtheAlterofMoonwasbuiltonthewest.So,atthattimetherewerefourtemplesbuiltinfourdirectionsofBeijing:
TempleofHeaveninthesouth,TempleofEarthinthenorth,TempleofSunintheeast,TempleofMooninthewest.
From1421to1530,therewerealtogether9emperorsoftheMingDynastywhoheldtheworshippingceremonyofbothheavenandearthforoverahundredtimes.DuringtheMingandQingDynasty,theTempleofHeavenwastheplacewhereemperorscametoworshiptheGodofHeavenandprayedforagoodharvest.Therewerealtogether22emperorswhoheldthesacrificialceremonyherefor654times.
Theemperorcameheretwiceayear.Butwhenevertherewasadroughtinthattime,theemperorwouldcomehereonSummerSolsticetoholdaceremonyprayingtoHeavenforrain.Sosometimestheemperorcameherethreetimesayear
Thefirsttimefortheemperortocomeherewasonthe15th(6th,8thor10th)dayofthefirstlunarmonth.TheemperorwouldcometotheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvestsandholdabigceremonytoprayforabumperharvest.ThesecondtimefortheemperortocomeherewasonWinterSolstice,theemperorwouldcometotheCircularMoundAltartoholdasacrificialceremonytoworshiptheGodofHeaven.
TheTempleofHeavenwasasacredplaceinthemindsofancientChinese.Peoplebelievedthatitwastheplacetoconveythepeople’swishestoHeaven.InancientChina,thetraditionalconsiderationwasasfollows:
everything,nomattergoodfortuneorbadfortune,happinessordisaster,stabilityortroubletimes,wasallrelatedandcontrolledbyHeaven.AlltheChineseEmperorspaidstrongvenerationtoHeaven.TheybelievedthatHeavenwoulddominateanddictateeverythinginthehumanworld.AndtheemperorswereregardedastheSonofHeaven.Anydisasters,badharvestsorinstabilityinsocietyweresignsthattheemperorhadlostfavorwithHeaven.Therefore,ceremoniesforsacrificestoHeavenwereextremelyimportanttoimperialrulers.
Accordingtothehistoricalrecords,theworshipofHeavenfirsttookplaceinthewetZhouDynastyandbecamearoutineduringtheHanDynasty.AftertheTangDynastytheceremonywasheldonaneven-largescale.Howeverthiskindofworshippingceremonyendedin1915.In1918,theTempleofHeavenwasopenedtothepublicandturnedintoapark.NowthisareaiscalledTiantanPark.
BeingasacredplaceforworshippingHeaven,theTempleofHeavenhadbeenseriouslydamagedoncebytheAnglo-FrenchAlliedForcesin1860,andthenbytheAlliedForcesofEightPowersin1900.In1937,JapaneseaggressorsenteredandoccupiedtheTempleofHeaven,andin1939theJapanesesetupabacterialaboratoryinsidetheDivineMusicAdministration.
Sincetheancientpeoplebelievedthat“HeavenwasroundandtheEarthwassquare”,sothemainbuildingintheTempleofHeavenarecircularshaped,butsurroundedbyasquarewallorroundwall.ThesurroundingwalloftheTempleofHeavenissemicirculartothenorthandsquareshapedtothesouth.AlltheserepresenttheancientbeliefthatHeavenwasroundandtheEarthwassquare.
ITCANBEDESCRIBEDBYNUMBERS
ThecharacteristicsoftheTempleofHeavencanbebestdescribedbynumbers.
Onenorth-southcentralaxis:
Alongthiscentralaxisthereare11buildingsfromsouthtonorth.Theyare:
ZhaohengGate,CircularMoundAltar,ImperialHeavenlyVault,ChengzhenGate,RedStairwayBridge,SouthBrickGate,GateofPrayerforGoodHarvests,HallofImperialZenithandNorthHeavenlyGate.
Threetemplewalls
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