TED英语演讲稿我们为什么快乐演讲稿doc.docx
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TED英语演讲稿我们为什么快乐演讲稿doc.docx
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TED英语演讲稿我们为什么快乐演讲稿doc
TED英语演讲稿:
我们为什么快乐?
_演讲稿
Whenyouhave21minutestospeak,twomillionyearsseemslikeareallylongtime.Butevolutionarily,twomillionyearsisnothing.Andyetintwomillionyearsthehumanbrainhasnearlytripledinmass,goingfromtheone-and-a-quarterpoundbrainofourancestorhere,Habilis,tothealmostthree-poundmeatloafthateverybodyherehasbetweentheirears.Whatisitaboutabigbrainthatnaturewassoeagerforeveryoneofustohaveone?
Well,itturnsoutwhenbrainstripleinsize,theydon'tjustgetthreetimesbigger;theygainnewstructures.Andoneofthemainreasonsourbraingotsobigisbecauseitgotanewpart,calledthe"frontallobe."Andparticularly,apartcalledthe"pre-frontalcortex."Nowwhatdoesapre-frontalcortexdoforyouthatshouldjustifytheentirearchitecturaloverhaulofthehumanskullintheblinkofevolutionarytime?
Well,itturnsoutthepre-frontalcortexdoeslotsofthings,butoneofthemostimportantthingsitdoesisitisanexperiencesimulator.Flightpilotspracticeinflightsimulatorssothattheydon'tmakerealmistakesinplanes.Humanbeingshavethismarvelousadaptationthattheycanactuallyhaveexperiencesintheirheadsbeforetheytrythemoutinreallife.Thisisatrickthatnoneofourancestorscoulddo,andthatnootheranimalcandoquitelikewecan.It'samarvelousadaptation.It'suptherewithopposablethumbsandstandinguprightandlanguageasoneofthethingsthatgotourspeciesoutofthetreesandintotheshoppingmall.
Now--(Laughter)--allofyouhavedonethis.Imean,youknow,BenandJerry'sdoesn'thaveliver-and-onionicecream,andit'snotbecausetheywhippedsomeup,trieditandwent,"Yuck."It'sbecause,withoutleavingyourarmchair,youcansimulatethatflavorandsay"yuck"beforeyoumakeit.
Let'sseehowyourexperiencesimulatorsareworking.Let'sjustrunaquickdiagnosticbeforeIproceedwiththerestofthetalk.Here'stwodifferentfuturesthatIinviteyoutocontemplate,andyoucantrytosimulatethemandtellmewhichoneyouthinkyoumightprefer.Oneofthemiswinningthelottery.Thisisabout314milliondollars.Andtheotherisbecomingparaplegic.So,justgiveitamomentofthought.Youprobablydon'tfeellikeyouneedamomentofthought.
Interestingly,therearedataonthesetwogroupsofpeople,dataonhowhappytheyare.Andthisisexactlywhatyouexpected,isn'tit?
Butthesearen'tthedata.Imadetheseup!
Thesearethedata.Youfailedthepopquiz,andyou'rehardlyfiveminutesintothelecture.Becausethefactisthatayearafterlosingtheuseoftheirlegs,andayearafterwinningthelotto,lotterywinnersandparaplegicsareequallyhappywiththeirlives.
Now,don'tfeeltoobadaboutfailingthefirstpopquiz,becauseeverybodyfailsallofthepopquizzesallofthetime.Theresearchthatmylaboratoryhasbeendoing,thateconomistsandpsychologistsaroundthecountryhavebeendoing,haverevealedsomethingreallyquitestartlingtous,somethingwecallthe"impactbias,"whichisthetendencyforthesimulatortoworkbadly.Forthesimulatortomakeyoubelievethatdifferentoutcomesaremoredifferentthaninfacttheyreallyare.
Fromfieldstudiestolaboratorystudies,weseethatwinningorlosinganelection,gainingorlosingaromanticpartner,gettingornotgettingapromotion,passingornotpassingacollegetest,onandon,havefarlessimpact,lessintensityandmuchlessdurationthanpeopleexpectthemtohave.Infact,arecentstudy--thisalmostfloorsme--arecentstudyshowinghowmajorlifetraumasaffectpeoplesuggeststhatifithappenedoverthreemonthsago,withonlyafewexceptions,ithasnoimpactwhatsoeveronyourhappiness.
Why?
Becausehappinesscanbesynthesized.SirThomasBrownwrotein1642,"Iamthehappiestmanalive.Ihavethatinmethatcanconvertpovertytoriches,adversitytoprosperity.IammoreinvulnerablethanAchilles;fortunehathnotoneplacetohitme."Whatkindofremarkablemachinerydoesthisguyhaveinhishead?
Well,itturnsoutit'spreciselythesameremarkablemachinerythatalloffushave.Humanbeingshavesomethingthatwemightthinkofasa"psychologicalimmunesystem."Asystemofcognitiveprocesses,largelynon-consciouscognitiveprocesses,thathelpthemchangetheirviewsoftheworld,sothattheycanfeelbetterabouttheworldsinwhichtheyfindthemselves.LikeSirThomas,youhavethismachine.UnlikeSirThomas,youseemnottoknowit.(Laughter)
Wesynthesizehappiness,butwethinkhappinessisathingtobefound.Now,youdon'tneedmetogiveyoutoomanyexamplesofpeoplesynthesizinghappiness,Isuspect.ThoughI'mgoingtoshowyousomeexperimentalevidence,youdon'thavetolookveryfarforevidence.
Asachallengetomyself,sinceIsaythisonceinawhileinlectures,ItookacopyoftheNewYorkTimesandtriedtofindsomeinstancesofpeoplesynthesizinghappiness.Andherearethreeguyssynthesizinghappiness."Iamsomuchbetteroffphysically,financially,emotionally,mentallyandalmosteveryotherway.""Idon'thaveoneminute'sregret.Itwasagloriousexperience.""Ibelieveitturnedoutforthebest."
Whoarethesecharacterswhoaresodamnhappy?
Well,thefirstoneisJimWright.Someofyouareoldenoughtoremember:
hewasthechairmanoftheHouseofRepresentativesandheresignedindisgracewhenthisyoungRepublicannamedNewtGingrichfoundoutaboutashadybookdealhehaddone.Helosteverything.ThemostpowerfulDemocratinthecountry,helosteverything.Helosthismoney;helosthispower.Whatdoeshehavetosayalltheseyearslateraboutit?
"Iamsomuchbetteroffphysically,financially,mentallyandinalmosteveryotherway."Whatotherwaywouldtherebetobebetteroff?
Vegetably?
Minerally?
Animally?
He'sprettymuchcoveredthemthere.
MoreeseBickhamissomebodyyou'veneverheardof.MoreeseBickhamutteredthesewordsuponbeingreleased.Hewas78yearsold.Hespent37yearsinaLouisianaStatePenitentiaryforacrimehedidn'tcommit.Hewasultimatelyexonerated,attheageof78,throughDNAevidence.Andwhatdidhehavetosayabouthisexperience?
"Idon'thaveoneminute'sregret.Itwasagloriousexperience."Glorious!
Thisguyisnotsaying,"Well,youknow,thereweresomeniceguys.Theyhadagym."It's"glorious,"awordweusuallyreserveforsomethinglikeareligiousexperience.
HarryS.Langermanutteredthesewords,andhe'ssomebodyyoumighthaveknownbutdidn't,becausein1949hereadalittlearticleinthepaperaboutahamburgerstandownedbythesetwobrothersnamedMcDonalds.Andhethought,"That'sareallyneatidea!
"Sohewenttofindthem.Theysaid,"Wecangiveyouafranchiseonthisfor3,000bucks."HarrywentbacktoNewYork,askedhisbrotherwho'saninvestmentbankertoloanhimthe3,000dollars,andhisbrother'simmortalwordswere,"Youidiot,nobodyeatshamburgers."Hewouldn'tlendhimthemoney,andofcoursesixmonthslaterRayCrochadexactlythesameidea.Itturnsoutpeopledoeathamburgers,andRayCroc,forawhile,becametherichestmaninAmerica.
Andthenfinally--youknow,thebestofallpossibleworlds--someofyourecognizethisyoungphotoofPeteBest,whowastheoriginaldrummerfortheBeatles,untilthey,youknow,senthimoutonanerrandandsnuckawayandpickedupRingoonatour.Well,in1994,whenPeteBestwasinterviewed--yes,he'sstilladrummer;yes,he'sastudiomusician--hehadthistosay:
"I'mhappierthanIwouldhavebeenwiththeBeatles."
Okay.There'ssomethingimportanttobelearnedfromthesepeople,anditisthesecretofhappiness.Hereitis,finallytoberevealed.First:
accruewealth,power,andprestige,thenloseit.(Laughter)Second:
spendasmuchofyourlifeinprisonasyoupossiblycan.(Laughter)Third:
makesomebodyelsereally,reallyrich.(Laughter)Andfinally:
nevereverjointheBeatles.(Laughter)
OK.NowI,likeZeFrank,canpredictyournextthought,whichis,"Yeah,right."Becausewhenpeoplesynthesizehappiness,asthesegentlemenseemtohavedone,weallsmileatthem,butwekindofrolloureyesandsay,"Yeahright,youneverreallywantedthejob.""Ohyeah,right.Youreallydidn'thavethatmuchincommonwithher,andyoufiguredthatoutjustaboutthetimeshethrewtheengagementringinyourface."
Wesmirkbecausewebelievethatsynthetichappinessisnotofthesamequalityaswhatwemightcall"naturalhappiness."Whataretheseterms?
Naturalhappinessiswhatwegetwhenwegetwhatwewanted,andsynthetichappinessiswhatwemakewhenwedon'tgetwhatwewanted.Andinoursociety,wehaveastrongbeliefthatsynthetichappinessisofaninferiorkind.Whydowehavethatbelief?
Well,it'sverysimple.Whatkindofeconomicenginewouldkeepchurningifwebelievedthatnotgettingwhatwewantcouldmakeusjustashappyasgettingit?
WithallapologiestomyfriendMatthieuRicard,ashoppingmallfullofZenmonksisnotgoingtobeparticularlyprofitablebecausetheydon'twantstuffenough.Iwanttosuggesttoyouthatsynthetichappinessiseverybitasrealandenduringasthekindofhappinessyoustumbleuponwhenyougetexactlywhatyouwereaimingfor.Now,I'mascientist,soI'mgoingtodothisnotwithrhetoric,butbymarinatingyouinalittlebitofdata.
Letmefirstshowyouanexperimentalparadigmthatisusedtodemonstratethesynthesisofhappinessamongregularoldfolks.Andthisisn'tmine.Thisisa50-year-oldparadigmcalledthe"freechoiceparadigm."It'sverysimple.Youbringin,say,sixobjects,andyouaskasubjecttorankthemfromthemo
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