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外文翻译模板
WasteManagement30(2010)1544–1555
Large-scaledirectsheartestingofmunicipalsolidwaste
DimitriosZekkosa,*,GeorgeA.Athanasopoulosb,JonathanD.Brayc,AthenaGrizib,AndreasTheodoratosb
aDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofMichigan,2358GGBrownLaboratory,2350HaywardStreet,AnnArbor,MI48109,USA
bDept.ofCivilEngineering,Univ.ofPatras,26500Rion,Greece
cDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,CA94720-1710,USA
ABSTRACT
Largedirectsheartesting(300mm_300mmbox)ofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)collectedfromalandfilllocatedintheSanFranciscoBayareawasperformedtogaininsightontheshearresponseofMSW.Thestudyinvestigatedtheeffectsofwastecomposition,confiningstress,unitweight,andloadingrateonthestress–displacementresponseandshearstrengthofMSW.TheamountandorientationofthefibrouswastematerialsintheMSWwerefoundtoplayacriticalrole.ThefibrousmaterialhadlittleeffectontheMSW’sstrengthwhenitwasorientedparalleltotheshearsurface,asistypicallythecasewhenwastematerialiscompressedverticallyandthentestedinadirectshearapparatus.TestsinwhichthefibrousmaterialwasorientedperpendiculartothehorizontalshearsurfaceproducedsignificantlystrongerMSWspecimens.Thetestresultsindicatethatconfiningstressandloadingratearealsoimportantfactors.Basedon109large-scaledirectsheartests,theshearstrengthofMSWatlowmoisturecontentsisbestcharacterizedbycohesion=15kPa,frictionangle=36_atanormalstressof1atmosphere,andadecreaseinthefrictionangleof5_foreverylog-cycleincreaseinnormalstress.
1.Introduction
Theresponseinshearofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)isanimportantconsiderationinlandfilldesign,particularlyfortheevaluationofalandfill’sstaticandseismicstability.SeveralMSWlandfillinstabilitieshaveoccurredinrecentyears,includingtheRumpkeLandfillinOhio(Eidetal.,2000),DonaJuannaLandfillinColombia(Hendronetal.,1999),PayatasLandfillinPhilippines(KavazanjianandMerry,2005),andJavalandfillinIndonesia(Koelsch
etal.,2005).Thesefailureshadsignificanteconomicconsequencesandinsomecasesresultedinthelossofhumanlife.AnimprovedunderstandingoftheshearresponseofMSWisrequiredtosupportsoundstabilityevaluationsoflandfills.
WiththeaimofprovidinginsightsregardingthemechanicalresponseofMSW,acollaborativeresearchprogramthatinvolvedtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,ArizonaStateUniversity,GeosyntecConsultants,UniversityofPatras(Greece),andtheUniversityofTexasatAustinwasundertaken.OneofitsprimaryobjectiveswastoevaluatethestaticanddynamicpropertiesofMSWbysystematicallycharacterizingandtestingMSWinthefieldandlaboratory.FindingsofthecollaborativeinvestigationaresummarizedinZekkosetal.(2008a).RecommendationsforestimatingtheunitweightofMSW(Zekkosetal.,2006)andthedynamicpropertiesofMSW(Zekkosetal.,2008a)havebeenpresentedelsewhere.AnoverallassessmentoftheshearstrengthofMSWusing.
2.Literaturereview
ThestrengthenveloperecommendedbyKavazanjianetal.(1995)isoftenusedinengineeringpracticetocharacterizetheshearstrengthofMSW.Thisbilinearstrengthenvelopeconsistsofapurelycohesivematerialwithcohesion(c)of24kPafornormalstressesupto30kPaandapurelyfrictionalmaterialwithafrictionangle(/)of33_athighernormalstresses.TheenvelopewasintendedtobeaconservativeestimateoftheshearstrengthofMSW;itwasbasedonalimitednumberoflaboratoryandfieldtestsandtheback-calculationofstablewasteslopes.Morerecently,Eidetal.(2000)reliedonalargerdatabaseoflaboratorydataandback-calculationsofthreeunstableslopesindevelopingalinearshearstrengthenvelopethatwascharacterizedonaveragebyc=25kPaand/=35_.Zekkos(2005)performedanextensivereviewoftheliteratureandidentifiedsignificantdifferencesintheMSWshearstrengthparametersproposedbyotherresearchers.Mohr–Coulombstrengthparameterswithcohesionsvaryingfrom0to80kPaandfrictionanglesvaryingfrom0_to60_havebeenproposedbyseveraldifferentresearchers(Fig.1).Theselectedvalueofthecohesionandfrictionangleusedinconductingandfillanalysesisobviouslycritical.
3.Characterizationofthewastetestedinthisstudy
Twolarge-diameter(760mm)boringswereaugeredtodepthsof10mand32musingabucketaugerattheTri-Citieslandfill,locatedintheSanFranciscoBayareainnorthCalifornia.Bulkwastesamplesfromsmallandlargedepths,varyinginagefrom0to15yearsold,wereretrievedandstoredseparatelyin39sealed55-gallondrumsofbulkwastematerial.Excessivegrindingofthewasteparticleswasnotobserved,sothecollectedwastematerialsareassumedtobeunprocessed.Twotofourdrumsofwastewerecollectedateach3msamplinginterval.TheinsituunitweightofwastewasmeasuredusingtheproceduresdescribedinZekkosetal.(2006).Itsunitweightincreasedfrom10kN/m3nearthesurfaceto16kN/m3atgreaterdepths.WastematerialwastransportedtotheRichmondFieldStationoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,whereitwascharacterized.Wastecharacterizationincludedseparatingthewastematerialintomateriallargerandsmallerthan20mm.Thissegregationisconsidereduseful,becausematerial<20mmiscomposedofsoil-likematerialthatisderivedprimarilyfromdailycover,othersoilmaterials,andsomefinewasteinclusions,whereasmaterial>20mmgenerallyconsistsofbulkandfibrouswastematerials.Additionally,material<20mmcanbecharacterizedusingconventionalsoilmechanicsindextests,suchassieveanalysesandAtterberglimits,anditcanbetestedusinggeotechnicaltestingequipment.
Wastesamplesthatwerecollectedaspartofthisstudyformthreegeneralclasses.ClassAisrelatively‘‘deepoldwaste”andincludedsamplegroupsA1–A4.ClassBis‘‘deepoldwastewithfibrous<20mmmaterial”andincludedsamplegroupB1.ClassCis‘‘shallowfreshwaste”andincludedsamplegroupsC1–C6.ClassesAandBwastewereplacedin1987;whereasClassCwastewasplacedafter1999.Thepercentagebyweightofthe<20mmmaterialandtheamountofplastic,paper,wood,gravelandotherconstituentsofthe>20mmmaterialweremeasuredforatotalof6wastesamplegroups.Themassoftheprocessedsamplesvariedfrom60to320kg.About50–75%ofthetotalwastesamplebyweightwas<20mmmaterial,andthe>20mmmaterialconsistedprimarilyofpaper,plastic,wood,andgravel.Otherconstituentssuchasmetals,glass,stiffplastics,andtextiles,comprisedasignificantlylowerpercentageofthematerialbyweightandbyvolume.DetailsofthefieldinvestigationandwastecharacterizationareprovidedinZekkos(2005).
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