The origin and evolution of earth.docx
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The origin and evolution of earth.docx
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Theoriginandevolutionofearth
Theoriginandevolutionofearth
FASHIJIANG
Theearthisaplanetinthesolarsystem,tiltingintheeclipticplanearoundthesunonceayear,androtatesonceaday.
Theearthfollowingthesunturnaroundthegalacticcenter,tiltinginthegalacticplane,turningaroundthegalacticcenterformorethan200millionyears.
Theearthandthemoonaretheearth-moonsystem,andthemoonturnsaroundtheearthonceamonth.
Theearthisaspherewithalayeredstructure.Therearevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes.Therocksandstratahavebeenmovedorbent.
Thesouthpoleofearthislowerthenthespherebutwithhighmountains,whichisAntarctica.ThenorthpoleishigherandcoveredbytheArcticocean.
Theearthexistthemagneticfiled,thegeomagneticpolesreverseandpolemovementhappenedinthegeologicalhistory.
Thereareplentyoflivingcreaturesontheearth.Lowerplantsandhigherplants,loweranimalsandhigheranimalsliveonearthtogether.Prokaryoticlowfossilsismainlyseeninper-Paleozoicstrata.InPaleozoic,theorginismbeganexplosiveappearanceandthereweretallplantsandlargeanimalsintheMesozoic.DuringtheCenozoictherewerehigherbeings.
TherearealargenumberofcoalsinAntarctica.Coalwasformedbyplantsthroughthecoalgeology.TheenvironmentofAntarcticaisthesnowandice,itisimpossibletogrowalotofplant.
Therearemanytimesoftransgressionsandregressionsinthegeologyhistory.
Wheredidtheformationofearthcomefrom,inwhattimeandwhatposition.Whydoestheearthrotationandrevolution,andwhytheearthexistsactivitiesinitsinternal.
Howdidthelivesinearthform?
Acompletetheoryoftheoriginandevolutionofearthshallmakeareasonableexplanationforthosephenomenonandquestions.
1.Galaxy
1.1Galaxy
TheearthwiththeMilkyWay,thesolarsystem,andthemoonformedgalaxyrelations,underthecontrolofthegalacticcenterandthesun’sgravityaroundtherotation,theinfluenceofmoon’sgravity,turningaroundthecenterofmasstothemoonandearth.Byresearchinganddiscussingonoriginandevolutionoftheearth,itisnecessarytostudyandexplorethegalaxy.
1.1.1GalaxyandClassification
Intheuniverse,Galaxyformedbytwoormorethantwoplanetorbitingmovementcombination.
Therearetwoplanetsorbitingform:
oneisgalacticcentertype,thatmanytightplanetsrotatearoundthehugeheavycenterplanet.,suchasmanyplanetsandcometsorbitaroundthesun.TheotheriscalledCompaniongalaxytype,thattwoplanetsrotatearoundacommoncenterofmass.Suchastheearthandmoon,theyallrotatearoundthecenterofmassofearth-moonsystem.Mostgalaxiesbelongtotheformer.
Intheuniverse,therearemanygalaxies,theyhavedifferentsizesandmorphology,likeindependentgalaxies,agalaxiyofgalaxies,galaxiesthathavelinearmotionorcurvemovementaroundcentersome,theyounggalaxiesandtheoldone.
Inordertostudytheformationofagalaxy,weneedtoclassifygalaxiesintheuniverse.
TheHubblegalaxiesclassified:
AmericanastronomerHubbledividedgalaxiesintheuniverseintothreecategoriesaccordingtoitsshapeorstructuretypes:
(1)Ellipticalgalaxy
Ellipticalgalaxiesevolvedfromgalaxydevelopment.Fig1-1isagroupofphotosthatshowtheglobulargalaxydevelopingintotheellipticalgalaxy.
Fig1-1Photoofellipticalgalaxy
(2)Spiralgalaxy
Spiralgalaxyhasmanykindsofforminuniverse,butalsohasaprocessofevolution,whichisdevelopedfromtheirregularformtotheregularform.Fig1-2isanopenmodelofspiralgalaxiesintheUrsamajor,fig1-3isanintermediateconnectedthroughthecloudofthecompanionspiralgalaxyphoto.
Fig1-2spiralgalaxyfig1-3companiongalaxyfig1-4rodlikespiralgalaxy
(3)Irregulargalaxy
Fig1-4isaphotoofrodlikespiralgalaxy,irregulargalaxywoulddevelopintoregulargalaxy.
1.1.2Theclassificationofgalaxiesinthisissue
(1)Accordingtowhethertheyhavesubordinaterelationsbetweengalaxies
Wedividegalaxiesintotwopartintheuniverse--Independentgalaxiesandsubordinategalaxies.Somegalaxies,operatedindependentlyinspace,notrotatedaroundthecentralbody,arecalledindependentgalaxies,suchasMilkyWayGalaxy.Whereas,some,rotatedaroundthecentralbody,likesolarsystemrotatedaroundtheGalacticcenter,earth-moonsystemrotatedaroundsun,arecalledsubordinategalaxies.
(2)Accordingtowhethercentralstarrotate
Theyaredividedintonuclearrotatedgalaxiesandnuclearnonrotatedgalaxies.Intheuniverse,someindependentgalaxies’nucleararerotating,somenotrotating.Butsubordinategalaxies’nuclearareallrotating.
(3)Accordingtothepathofgalaxies
Theyaredividedintolinearmotiongalaxyandcurvedmotiongalaxy.Thoseindependentgalaxyledbycentralstarmoveinthedirectionofrayofthecentralstarformedintheuniverse.Somegalaxiesrotatedaroundcentralstarasacurvedline.
(4)Accordingtothespatialpositionofgalaxies
Theyaredividedintointernalgalaxyanduniversalgalaxy.Thosewhomoveinthegalaxyarecalledinternalgalaxy,likesolarsystem.Thosewhomoveindependentlyintheuniversespacearecalleduniversalgalaxy,likeMilkyWayGalaxy.
(5)Accordingtotheageofgalaxies
Theyaredividedintooldgalaxyandyounggalaxy.Thosewhohaveformedforalongtimearecalledoldgalaxyintheuniverse.Theyhavealmostevolvedintoregulargalaxy.Thosewhoformedjustforalittletimearecalledyounggalaxy,whosestateareirregular.
(6)Accordingtotherelationbetweenthestarsinthegalaxy
Theyaredividedintocentralgalaxyandcompaniongalaxy.Thosemuchofsmallstarsrotatearoundheavystararecalledcentralgalaxy,suchassolarsystemandMilkyWaygalaxy.Thatheavystariscentralstarormainstar.Twostarseachrotatedaroundthecenterofgalaxiescalledcompaniongalaxies,suchasearth-moonsystem.
1.2Solarsystem
Solarsystemismadeupofplanets,cometsandothercelestialbodiesorbitingaroundthecenterofthesunplanetmovementcombination.
Inthesolarsystem,ithasinternalsystem,suchasplanetsandmoonsofplanetarysystems,satelliteanditsrotationaroundthesonofsatellitessystem,andsoon.Solarsystemisthecenterofanold,rules,ellipticalgalaxies.
Somecharacteristicofsolarsystem
(1)Thepathshapeofstar
Theshapeofplanetsorbitaroundthesun:
nearlycircular,elliptic,parabolicanddoublecurvedshape.Inthesolarsystem,mercury,Venus,earth,Mars,etc.,andtheirshapetosuborbicular,orbitaroundthesunandtheperipheryoftheotherplanetsorbitiselliptical.Thesolarsystemcometsorbitforelliptic,parabolicanddoublecurvedshape,figure1-5isasolarsystemmodel,figure1-6isacometorbitaldiagram.
Fig1-5solarsystemmodel
Fig1-6cometorbitaldiagram.
(2)Planetrevolutiondirectionalcharacteristics
Thosenineplanetsorbitingthesunhadtoorbitcounterclockwise,whileothercometssuchasHalley'scometisclockwisearoundthesun.
(3)Planetrotationdirectioncharacteristics
Venusrotationisclockwise,itsrotationanditsrevolutionareintheoppositedirection.Andothereightplanetsareforcounterclockwiserotationthesameasthoserevolutiondirection.
(4)Starsdistributioncharacteristics
Thenineplanetsofthesolarsystemrevolutionplaneisnearthebothsideofequatorplaneofsun,andtherevolutionsurfaceofacometdistributeonallthelatitudeofthesunfromthepolestotheequator.Figure1-7iscometsorbitinclinationthatthedistributionofdifferentlatitudearoundthesun.
Fig1-7distributionofcometaroundsun
(5)Planetmotioncharacteristics
Theearthistiltedrotationintheorbit,Uranusislyingdownrotationintheorbit,severalotherplanetsinorbitrotateforverticalorinclinedstate.
(6)Characteristicsofstarsinoursolarsystem
Thefivecharacteristicsofcometandplanetrotatedaroundsolarsystems,aresimilartothoseplanetarysystemformedbytheplanetsrotatedbysatellites.
1.3Simulationexperiment
Asolarsystemorigintheoryorhypothesiscanexplainnotonlythecharacteristicsofthesolarsystem,butalsothecharacteristicsofthegalaxyandothergalaxies.
Inordertostudytheoriginofthesolarsystemandexplainsthecharacteristicsofthesolarsystem,weuseamagnetandasmallmetalballtodothefollowingtest:
1.3.1TestOne
Asmallmetalballishangingmotionlessintheair.Thehangingmagnetpieceisinthesameplanewiththesmallmetalball,whichisinthewestofmetalball,movingfromnorthtosouthdirection.Seefromfig1-8.
Fig1-8Magnetpiecemovementfromthewestsideofironball
Theresultsoftestareshownasthefollow(seefig1-9)
Whenbothareataappropriatemovementdistance,ifmagnetpiecemoveslowly,themetalballwouldbeattractedwhilemagnetpieceisclosetothemetalball(fig1-9A).Whenmagnetpiecemoveasanappropriatevelocity,themetalballwouldrotatearoundthemagnetpieceinacirclepath(fig1-9B).Whenthemagnetpiecemovewithahighvelocityfromthesideofsmallmetalball,theballwouldmovewithaparabolaorahyperbolapath(fig1-9C).ThemetalballalsohastherotationdirectionEinfig.
Fig1-9theresultsoftestone
1.3.2TestTwo
Besimilartothetestone,thedifferenceismakingthemagnetpiecemovefromsouthtothenorthintheeastofmetalball.Seefromfig1-10.
Fig1-10magnetpiecemoveintheeastofmetalball
Theresultsoftest:
Thedirectionofrevolutionandrotationarecompletelyinversion.
1.3.3TestThree
Besimilartothetestone,but,letthemetalballrotateindirectionF,thenmagnetpiecemov
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