精篇1高中英语中心发言提纲.docx

精篇1高中英语中心发言提纲.docx

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精篇1高中英语中心发言提纲

四川省宜宾市一中2017-2018学年高中英语中心发言提纲

专题09—阅读理解（科技说明文）

1.【2017年高考江苏卷英语】

B

Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:

OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular＂feedme!

＂call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.

Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies’beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.

Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神经系统的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.＂Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?

＂Kleindorferasks.＂Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.＂

58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means＂__________＂.

A.betheworstB.bethebestC.betheasbadD.bejustasgood

59.WhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?

A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.

B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.

C.ThedatacollectedfromQueensland’slocals.

D.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.

60.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich__________.

A.canreceivequalitysignalsB.areinneedoftraining

C.fittheenvironmentbetterD.maketheloudestcall

60.C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂thebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood＂和最后一段＂Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.＂可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。

由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。

2.【江苏省泰州市泰州中学2018届高三上学期开学考试】

B

Theabilitytospeakmorethanonelanguagecertainlyhasitsspecialbenefits.Itenablesyoutoworkinanothercountryorinteractwithpeoplewhoselanguageisdifferentfromyourmothertongue.Cognitive（认知的）psychologistshavebeeninterestedinhowbilingualism（双语能力）shapesthemindforalmostacentury.Therearethosewhosuggestthatinordertospeakonelanguage,bilingualshavetosuppress（抑制）theinfluenceoftheother.Inthepastthreedecades,researchhadarguedthatthisuniqueformoflanguageprocessingtrainsthebrainintheuseofabilitiesknownas"executive（执行的）functions"suchasignoringirrelevantinformationorshiftingattention.Bilingualsofdifferentagesandculturalbackgroundshavebeenshowntobefasterandmoreaccuratethantheirmonolingual（单语的）peerswhenperformingcognitivetasksdemandingtheseabilities.Furthermore,ithasbeenarguedthatbilingualismmayleadtoadelayedonset（发作）ofsymptomsassociatedwithdementia（痴呆）.

Butthescientificcommunityrecentlyhasbecomeincreasinglyskepticalofthebilingualadvantage.Oneofthemainpointsofcriticismisthatdifferencesbetweenmonolingualsandbilingualswhenitcomestoexecutivefunctionsarenotalwaysapparent.Itappearsthatresearchonbilingualismisataturningpoint.Weneedtopursueanewapproachtounderstand,beyondthoseindividualexamplesofexecutivefunctions,howthebilingualmindworks.Wehaveattemptedtoaddressthischallengebytestingwhetherbilingualsandmonolingualsdifferintermsofhowaccuratelytheycanassesstheirownperformances.Thisabilityiscalledmetacognitionandisassociatedwithotherareaswherebilingualshavebeenshowntohaveanadvantage.

Inourresearch,wepresentedparticipantswithasituationinwhichtheyhadtoobservetwocirclesonascreenandguesswhichonecontainedmoredots.Sometimesthedifferencewasobvious,makingthedecisioneasy,whileatothertimesthedecisionwasverydifficult（forexample,onecirclecontained50dotsandtheother49）.Participantswerethenaskedtodeterminehowconfidenttheywereintheirdecisiononascalefromlesstomoreconfidentthannormal.

Duringthecourseoftwoexperiments,wefoundthatbilingualsandmonolingualswereequallylikelytochoosethecirclecontainingthehighestnumberofdots.However,monolingualswerebetterablethanbilingualstodiscriminatebetweenwhentheywererightandwhentheywerewrong.Inotherwords,bilingualshadlessinsightintotheirperformancethanmonolinguals.Thiswentagainstourinitialpredictions,asweexpectedtofindabilingualadvantageinmetacognitiveprocessing.Theseresultsindicatethatbilingualismmaybeassociatedwithcognitivedisadvantagesaswellasbenefits.

1.FromParagraph2wecanlearnthatnowadaysthescientificcommunity______.

A.hasdeniedthespecialbenefitsofbilingualism

B.haschangeditswaytounderstandhowthebilingualmindworks

C.thinksthereisalmostnodifferencebetweenmonolingualsandbilinguals

D.triestoprovewhethermonolingualshavemoreadvantagesthanbilinguals

2.Howisthelastparagraphmainlydeveloped?

A.Byanalyzingcauses.B.Bydescribingaprocess.

C.Byfollowingtimeorder.D.Bymakingacomparison.

3.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsbilingualism?

A.Supportive.B.Doubtful.C.Objective.D.Ambiguous.

【答案】BDC

【分析】

1.细节判断题。

根据第二段的Itappearsthatresearchonbilingualismisataturningpoint.Weneedtopursueanewapproachtounderstand,beyondthoseindividualexamplesofexecutivefunctions,howthebilingualmindworks.可知现在研究对于双语思维如何工作的理解方法发生了改变。

2.推理判断题。

题目问：

最后一段如何发展？

根据最后一段的内容不难看出是将双语和一种语言进行了对比，故选D。

3.推理判断题。

从文中来看，作者既提及了双语的好处，也提到了双语的缺点，如最后一段中的Inotherwords,bilingualshadlessinsightintotheirperformancethanmonolinguals.。

所以态度应该是“客观的”。

3.【南京、盐城2016～2017学年第一次模拟考试】

C

Alittlesocialsupportfromyourbestbudsgoesalongway,whetheryou’reahumanorachimpanzee（黑猩猩）.AnewstudythatfollowedachimpanzeecommunityintheforestsofUgandahasfoundthatqualitytimewithclosecompanionssignificantlydecreasedstresshormonelevelsintheprimates—whethertheywereresting,groomingorfacingoffagainstrivalgroups.

Thefindings,describedthisweekinthejournalNatureCommunications,shedlightonthephysiologicaleffectsofclosecompanionshipinchimpanzees—andcouldhaveimplicationsforhumanhealthtoo.

Researchershavelongknownthatstresscanworsenhealthandraisetheriskofearlydeathinhumansaswellasothersocialmammals.

“Itcanhaveeffectsonimmunefunction,cardiofunction,fertility,cognition,andevenyourmood,”saidstudycoauthorKevinLangergraber,aprimatologistatArizonaStateUniversity.

Maintainingclosesocialbondscanhelptheseanimals（humansincluded）reducesomeofthatstress,potentiallyminimizingsomehealthrisks.Butscientistshaveyettopindowntheexactphysiologicalmechanismsatwork.

“Socialbondsmakeyousurviveandproducebetter—buthowdotheydothat?

”Langergrabersaid.

Tofindout,theinternationalteamofresearchersstudiedmembersoftheSonsochimpanzeecommunityinUganda’sBudongoForest,agroupconsistingof15males,35femalesand28juvenilesandinfantsduringthestudyperiodfromFebruary2008toJuly2010.

Likehumans,chimpanzeestendtohavebesties—bondpartnerswithwhomtheyappeartofeelclose.Theresearcherswantedtoseewhetherinteractionswiththesebondpartnersledtolowerstresslevelsduringparticularlystressfulsituations,suchaswhenfightingrivalgroups,orwhethertimespentwithfriendshelpedlowerstresslevelsmoregenerally,throughouttheday.

Thescientistsobservedthechimpsperformthreetypesofactivities:

resting,groomingorquarrellingwithothergroupsofchimps.Theresearcherskepttrackofwhetherthechimpsweredoinganyofthesethreethingswiththeirbondpartnersorwithotherchimpsintheirgroup.

Ateamofuptosixobserverswatchedthechimpsandfollowedthemaroundtocollecturine（尿液）samples.Thesamples,collectedfromnineadultmaleandeightadultfemalechimps,weretestedtoseehowmuchofthestresshormonecortisoltheycontained.

Thescientistsfoundthatchimpanzees’levelsofurinarycortisolwere23%lower,onaverage,duringtheactivitieswhentheywerewiththeirbondpartner.Thiswasespeciallytrueforstressfulactivities,suchastheintergrouprivalries,whereanychimponthefrontlinemightfacephysicalharmorevendeath.

Thefindingsinchimpanzees,someofourclosestlivingrelatives,couldshedlightontherolesuchclosesocialrelationshipsplayinhumanhealthtoo,hesaid.Suchfriendshipsmaybejustasimportantduringgoodtimesasbad—thoughmoreresearchneedstobedonebeforeanyconclusionscanbedrawn.

“Thishasinterestforalotofpeopleinamedicalcon