精灵语Quenya教程 Lesson 610.docx
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精灵语Quenya教程 Lesson 610.docx
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精灵语Quenya教程Lesson610
LESSONSIX
Pasttense
ThepreviouslessondiscussedtheQuenyapresenttense,whichistypicallyusedtodescribeanon-goingpresentaction.However,Quenyahasdifferenttensescoveringtheentiretrinityofpast,presentandfuture,andwhenrecountingpasteventsonewillnormallyusethepasttense.
InEnglish,verymanypasttensesareformedbymeansoftheending-ed,e.g.filledasthepasttenseoftheverbfill.InQuenya,mostpasttenseformsarelikewiseformedbymeansofanendingaddedtotheverbalstem.Asfarasweknow,allpasttenseverbsendinthevowel-ë(thoughfurtherendings,suchasthepluralending-rthatisusedinthecaseofapluralsubject,mayofcoursebeaddedafterthisvowel).Inmanycases,thisvowel-ëispartoftheending-në,thatseemstobethemostgeneralpasttenseendinginQuenya.
Asdiscussedinthepreviouslesson,mostQuenyaverbsareA-stems,meaningthattheyendinthevowel-a.Thepasttensesoftheseverbsaretypicallyformedsimplybyaddingtheending-në.Forinstance,theEtymologiesmentionaverborta-"raise"(seetheentryORO),andinNamáriëinLotRitspasttenseisseentobeortanë.(Thesimplesttranslationofortanëisofcourse"raised";thesomewhatfreerenderinginLotRemploysthetranslation"hasuplifted"instead,butTolkien'sinterlineartranslationinRGEO:
67reads"liftedup"–whichismerelyanalternativewordingof"raised".)OtherexamplesfromTolkien'snotes:
ora-"urge",pasttenseoranë"urged"(VT41:
13,18)
hehta-"exclude",pasttensehehtanë"excluded"(WJ:
365)
ulya-"pour",pasttenseulyanë"poured"(Etym,entryULU)
sinta-"fade",pasttensesintanë"faded"(Etym,entryTHIN)
Wemayaddtheverbahyanë"changed"(or"didchange"),onlyattestedlikethisinthepasttense,aspartofthequestionmanenlambëQuendionahyanë[?
]"howdidthelanguageoftheElveschange?
"(PM:
395).Theverb"change"wouldseemtobeahya-.
Regardingtheverbava-(apparentlymeaning"refuse,forbid"),Tolkiennotedthatitspasttenseavanë"revealedthatitwasnotinorigina'strong'orbasicverbalstem".Thelatterseemstobemoreorlessthesameasaprimaryverb.Hecalledavanëa"weak"pasttenseform(WJ:
370).Thatprobablygoesforallthepasttensessofardiscussed.(WhatTolkienwouldcalla"strong"pasttenseisnotquiteclear.Perhapshewouldusethistermofthepasttensesformedbymeansofnasal-infixion–seebelow.)
Wemustalsoconsiderthe"basic"or"primary",ending-lessverbs,verbsthatunliketheA-stemsdonothaveafinalvowel:
verbslikesil-"toshine",tir-"towatch",mat-"toeat".
Itseemsthattheending-nëcanbeusedtoformthepasttenseofsomeprimaryverbsaswell.Tolkienmentionedtirnëasthepasttenseoftheverbtir-"towatch"(Etym,entryTIR),andhealsoquotedtamnëasthepasttenseoftheverbtam-"totap"(Etym,entryTAM).Inthesecases,adding-nëtotheverbalstemsinquestiondoesnotproduceimpossibleconsonantclusters:
BothrnandmnarepermittedbyQuenyaphonology.Forthisreason,theending-nëcanprobablyalsobeaddedtoverbalstemsendingin-n,sincedoublennislikewiseawhollyacceptablecombinationinQuenya.Forinstance,thepasttenseoftheverbcen-"tosee"ispresumablycennë"saw",thoughwehavenoattestedexampleofthepasttenseofaverbofthisshape.
Butwheneverthestemofabasicverbendsinanyconsonantotherthanjust-m,-n,or-r,simplyaddingtheending-nëwouldproduceconsonantclustersthatQuenyacannothave.Thepasttenseformsofverbslikemat-"eat",top-"cover"ortac-"fasten"cannotbe**matnë,**topnë,**tacnë,forclustersliketn,pn,cnarenotfoundinthelanguage.Sowhathappens?
Thedifficultwayofdescribingwhatoccursistosaythatthenoftheending-nëisreplacedbynasal-infixionintrudingbeforethelastconsonantoftheverbalstem.Whatis"infixion"?
Wehavealreadymentionedsuffixes,elementsaddedattheendofaword(likethepluralending-r,addedtothenounEldainitspluralformEldar),andprefixes,elementsaddedatthebeginningofaword(likethesuperlativeprefixan-,addedtotheadjectivecalima"bright"initssuperlativeformancalima"brightest").Ifyouwanttoaddsomethingtoaword,thereareonlysomanyplacesyoucanfititin;ifitisnottobeprefixedorsuffixed,thefinaloptionistoinfixit,thatis,jamitintotheword.Forinstance,theverbmat-"toeat"hasthepasttensemantë"ate"(VT39:
7),aninfixednturningupbeforethefinalconsonantoftheverbalstem(tbecomingnt).Similarly,theverbhat-"breakasunder"hasthepasttensehantë(Etym,entrySKAT).
Beforetheconsonantp,theinfixtakestheformmratherthann,sothatthepasttenseoftop-"tocover"istompë(Etym,entryTOP).Beforec,theinfixappearsasn(oractuallyñ,seebelow),sothatthepasttenseoftac-"tofasten"istancë(Etym,entryTAK).Thevariousformsoftheinfix–n,morñ,dependingontheenvironment–areallnasals,soundspronouncedbymakingthestreamofairfromthelungsgooutthroughthenoseratherthanthemouth.Hencenasal-infixionisafittingtermforthisphonologicalprocess.
AsIsaid,thatwasthedifficultwayofstatingwhathappens.Putmoresimply:
ifaddingthepasttenseending-nëtoaprimaryverbwouldresultinanyoftheimpossibleclusterstn,cn,pn,thenandtheconsonantbeforeitswitchplaces.Tnandcnsimplybecomentandnc;whatwouldbenpchangestomptoeasepronunciation.(Actuallywhatwouldbencsimilarlychangestoñc,usingñforngasinkingasTolkiensometimesdid–butaccordingtothespellingconventionshereemployed,ñcisrepresentedsimplyasnc.)Hence:
mat-"eat",pasttense(**matnë>)mantë"ate"
top-"cover",pasttense(**topnë>**tonpë>)tompë"covered"
tac-"fasten",pasttense(**tacnë>)tancë"fastened"
This,atleast,isaneasywaytoimagineitforpedagogicalpurposes.WecannotknowforcertainwhetherTolkienimaginedthistobetheactualdevelopment–aformsomethinglikematnëactuallyoccurringatanearlierstage,butlaterbecomingmantëbyswappingaroundtheconsonantstandn.Thelinguistictermforsuchtransposingoftwosoundsismetathesis,andthereareotherexamplesofmetathesizedconsonantsintheimaginaryevolutionofTolkien'slanguages(seeforinstancetheEtymologies,entryKEL-).However,somecluessuggestthatTolkienimaginedthesepasttensestoreflect"genuine"nasal-infixionoccurringalreadyinprimitiveElvish,notmerelyalatertranspositionofconsonants.Afterall,hehadoneofhischaractersobservethat"nasal-infixionisofconsiderableimportanceinAvallonian"(SD:
433;AvallonianisanothertermforQuenya).Butthisisanacademicquestion.
Primaryverbswith-lastheirfinalconsonantmustbegivenspecialattention.Theverbvil-"tofly"issaidtohavethepasttensevillë(Etym,entryWIL).Thisdoublellprobablyrepresentssomecombinationoflandn.Perhapsvillëismeanttorepresentolderwilnëwiththenormalpasttenseending(noticethatinthiscase,vcomesfromolderw:
rootWIL),thegrouplnturningintollinQuenya.However,otherexamplessuggestthatolderlnwouldratherproduceQuenyald.Itmaywellbethatvillëismeanttorepresentolderwinlë,thatis,anasal-infixedvariantoftheverbwil-(sincenlalsobecamellinQuenya;forinstance,thenounnellë"brook"issaidtocomefromoldernen-le:
Etym,entryNEN).WhateverdevelopmentTolkienmayhaveimagined,primaryverbswithlastheirfinalconsonantseemtoformtheirpasttenseformbyadding-lë.
NOTE:
InTelerin,thesisterlanguageofQuenyaintheBlessedRealm,averbformedfromarootDEL("go")issaidtohavethepasttensedelle:
WJ:
364.AspointedoutbyAlesBican,thisformprobablydescendsfromolderdenle(withnasal-infixion).Ifitdescendedfromdelne,itwouldlikelyhaveremainedunchangedinTelerin,sincetheclusterlnispermittedinthislanguage(cf.aTelerinwordlikeelni"stars",WJ:
362).Thisobservationsupportstheviewthatpasttenseswithnasal-infixiondidoccuralreadyinPrimitiveElvish.
ThesystemsetoutaboveiswhatIshallconsiderthe"regular"wayofformingthepasttenseofaverbinQuenya.Thatis,aslongasaverbconformswiththissystem,IwillnotexplicitlylistitspasttensewhenIfirstmentionit.Allthepasttensesintheexercisesbelowareconstructedaccordingtothissystem,soyourtaskthistimeistointernalizetherulesabove.Someirregularformswillbediscussedinlaterlessons,butevenso,wewillheresurveycertain"alternative"pasttenseformations(contrastingthemwiththemoreregularformsmayactuallybehelpfulinmemorizingthenormalsystem–butthestudentisnotexpectedtomemorizethissurveyassuch).Sodoskimthroughasmuchasyoucantakeofthestuffbelow,andproceedtotheexerciseswhenyou'vehadenough.
Thepasttenseofprimaryverbswith-rastheirfinalconsonantisrelativelywell-attested:
Attestedexamplesincludecar-"make,do",pa.t.carnë(Etym,entryKAR),tir-"watch",pa.t.tirnë(Etym,entryTIR)andtur-"govern",pa.t.turnë(Etym,entryTUR).Soabovewesetouttherulethatverbsofthisshapehavepasttenseformsthatareconstructedbyaddingthesuffix-në.Butafewverbsbehavequitedifferently.Thepasttenseoftheverbrer-"sow"isnot**rernëaswemightexpect,butrendë:
SeeEtym,entryRED.Thereasonforthisispreciselythefactthattheoriginalroot-wordwasREDratherthan**RER.Thustheverbrer-appearedasred-atanearlierstage,andthenthepasttenserendëisactually"regular"enough:
itissimplyformedfromred-bymeansofnasal-infixion+theending-ë(justlikesucharegularverb
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