哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案.docx
- 文档编号:9029433
- 上传时间:2023-02-02
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:27
- 大小:34.62KB
哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案.docx
《哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案.docx(27页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案
第二讲《食人惨案》
不得不那样做是吗\Youhavetodowhatyouhavetodo?
差不多吧不得已而为之\Yougottodowhatyougottodoprettymuch.
如果你已经19天没有进食\Ifyou'vebeengoing19dayswithoutanyfoodyouknow
那么总得有人要作出牺牲\someonejusthastotakethesacrifice.
有了他的牺牲其他人才能活下来\Someonehastomakethesacrificeandpeoplecansurvive.
很好你叫什么名字\Alrightthat'sgood.What'syourname?
-马库斯-你有什么话要对马库斯说吗\-Marcus.-MarcuswhatdoyousaytoMarcus?
上一次我们以几个故事开头\Lasttimewestartedoutlasttimewithsomestories
几个在道德上两难的例子\withsomemoraldilemmas
有电车事故的例子\abouttrolleycars
也有器官移植医生\andaboutdoctorsandhealthypatients
手握健康病人生杀大权的例子\vulnerabletobeingvictimsoforgantransplantation.
在讨论中我们注意到两点\Wenoticedtwothingsabouttheargumentswehad
一点与我们的讨论方式有关\onehadtodowiththewaywewerearguing.
我们首先在特定情况下作出判断\Webeganwithourjudgmentsinparticularcases.
然后试图阐明作出这些判断的\Wetriedtoarticulatethereasonsortheprinciples
理由或原则\lyingbehindourjudgments.
当我们面临新的情况时\Andthenconfrontedwithanewcase
我们重新检验这些原则\wefoundourselvesreexaminingthoseprinciples
根据新的情况修正这些理由或原则\revisingeachinthelightoftheother.
然后我们发现\Andwenoticedthebuiltinpressure
要在特定案例之下自圆其说我们的判断\totrytobringintoalignmentourjudgmentsaboutparticularcases
校正我们一再确认的原则难度越来越大\andtheprincipleswewouldendorseonreflection.
我们也注意到了这些争论的本质\Wealsonoticedsomethingaboutthesubstanceofthearguments
已经初见端倪\thatemergedfromthediscussion.
我们发现有时我们倾向于\Wenoticedthatsometimesweweretemptedto
依据行为所产生的后果\locatethemoralityofanactintheconsequencesintheresults
以及对外界的影响判断其是否道德\inthestateoftheworldthatitbroughtabout.
我们称之为后果主义道德推理\Andwecalledthisconsequentialitymoralreasoning.
同时注意到在某些情况下\Butwealsonoticedinsomecases
不仅行为的后果会使我们动摇\weweren'tswayedonlybytheresult.
有时我们中许多人认为行为的后果固然重要\Sometimesmanyofusfeltthatnotjustconsequences
但行为的道德本质或是特性也同样重要\butalsotheintrinsicqualityorcharacteroftheactmattersmorally.
有些人认为\Somepeopleargued
某些行为反正就是绝对错误的\thattherearecertainthingsthatarejustcategoricallywrong
即便该行为产生了好的结果\eveniftheybringaboutagoodresult
即便能牺牲一人挽救五人性命\eveniftheysavedfivepeopleatthecostofonelife.
从而对比了后果主义与绝对主义道德原则之间的差别\Sowecontrastedconsequentialitymoralprincipleswithcategoricalones.
从今天到接下来的几天里我们将要剖析\Todayandinthenextfewdayswewillbegintoexamine
后果主义道德理论中最具影响的一个版本\oneofthemostinfluentialversionsofconsequentialitymoraltheory.
即功利主义哲学\Andthat'sthephilosophyofutilitarianism.
杰里米·边沁18世纪英国政治哲学家\JeremyBenthamthe18thcenturyEnglishpoliticalphilosopher
首次对功利主义道德论做出了系统的定义\gavefirstthefirstclearsystematicexpressiontotheutilitarianmoraltheory
边沁的核心观点非常简单\AndBentham'sideahisessentialideaisaverysimpleone.
充满了道德上的直观感染力\Withalotofmorallyintuitiveappeal
其观点如下\Bentham'sideaisthefollowing
正确的选择公正的选择\therightthingtodo;thejustthingtodo
就是最大化功利\istomaximizeutility.
那这个"功利"是什么意思呢\Whatdidhemeanbyutility?
他认为功利等于快乐减去痛苦\Hemeantbyutilitythebalanceofpleasureoverpain
功利主义认为快乐和痛苦都是可以计算的
幸福减去苦难\happinessoversuffering.
在此基础上他提出了功利最大化的原则\Here'showhearrivedattheprincipleofmaximizingutility.
边沁通过观察得出\Hestartedoutbyobservingthatallofus
所有人类均受两大至高无上的因素所支配\allhumanbeingsaregovernedbytwosovereignmasters:
痛苦与快乐\painandpleasure.
人的本性就是趋乐避苦的\Wehumanbeingslikepleasureanddislikepain.
所以我们应以道德为基准\Andsoweshouldbasemorality
不管是在考虑个人行为时\whetherwe'rethinkingaboutwhattodoinourownlives
还是作为立法者或普通公民\orwhetheraslegislatorsorcitizens
考虑如何立法时\we'rethinkingaboutwhatthelawsshouldbe.
于公于私最正确的选择都该是\Therightthingtodoindividuallyorcollectivelyis
制作人:
心舟QQ:
1129441083
即为全方位地最大化地提升幸福\tomaximizeactinawaythatmaximizestheoveralllevelofhappiness.
边沁的功利主义有时被总结为一句口号\Bentham'sutilitarianismissometimessummedupwiththeslogan
为最多的人谋求最大的幸福\"Thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber."
有了这条最基本的功利原则\Withthisbasicprincipleofutilityonhand
让我们检验一下这条原则\let'sbegintotestitandtoexamineit
是否适用于另一案例\byturningtoanothercaseanotherstory
而这一次就不再是假定的事件了\butthistimenotahypotheticalstory
是个真实的故事\areallifestory
女王诉达德利和斯蒂芬斯案\thecaseoftheQueenversusDudleyandStevens.
这是19世纪英国的一则法律案例\Thiswasa19thcenturyBritishlawcase
众多法学院争论不休的著名案例\that'sfamousandmuchdebatedinlawschools.
这则案例是这样的我先概述一下\Here'swhathappenedinthecase.I'llsummarizethestory
然后假设你们就是陪审团会怎么来裁定\thenIwanttohearhowyouwouldruleimaginingthatyouwerethejury.
当时的报纸是这么描述事件背景的\Anewspaperaccountofthetimedescribedthebackground.
最惨绝人寰的海难\Asadderstoryofdisasteratsea
"木犀草号"幸存者的骇人经历\wasnevertoldthanthatofthesurvivorsoftheyachtMignonette.
他们的船在南大西洋\TheshipflounderedintheSouthAtlantic
距好望角1300英里处沉没了\1300milesfromtheCape.
全体船员一行四人达德利是船长\TherewerefourinthecrewDudleywasthecaptain
斯蒂芬斯是大副布鲁克斯是水手\StevenswasthefirstmateBrookswasasailor
都是品德高尚的人至少报上是这么说的\allmenofexcellentcharacterorsothenewspaperaccounttellsus.
第四名船员是船上的侍者\Thefourthcrewmemberwasthecabinboy
理查德·派克17岁\RichardParker17yearsold.
他是孤儿没有家人\Hewasanorphanhehadnofamily
这是他首次出海远航\andhewasonhisfirstlongvoyageatsea.
据报道他不顾朋友的反对\Hewentthenewsaccounttellsusratheragainsttheadviceofhisfriends.
带着充满希望的野心\Hewentinthehopefulnessofyouthfulambition
憧憬此次征程能将他铸造成为男人\thinkingthejourneywouldmakeamanofhim.
然而事与愿违\Sadlyitwasnottobe.
这则案例的实际情况毫无争议\Thefactsofthecasewerenotindispute.
大浪导致翻船"木犀草号"沉没\WavehittheshipandMignonettewentdown.
四人逃上了救生艇\Thefourcrewmembersescapedtoalifeboat.
仅有的食物就是两罐腌萝卜没有淡水\Theonlyfoodtheyhadweretwocansofpreservedturnipsnofreshwater.
头三天他们什么也没吃\Forthefirstthreedaystheyatenothing.
第四天他们开了一罐腌萝卜来吃\Onthefourthdaytheyopenedoneofthecansofturnipsandateit.
第五天他们抓到了一只海龟\Thenextdaytheycaughtaturtle.
就着另一罐腌萝卜\Togetherwiththeothercanofturnips
这只海龟让他们又撑了几天\theturtleenabledthemtosubsistforthenextfewdays.
随后的八天内他们弹尽粮绝了\Andthenforeightdaystheyhadnothing.
没有食物和饮用水\Nofood.Nowater.
想象一下如果你是当事人你会怎么做\Imagineyourselfinasituationlikethatwhatwouldyoudo?
他们是这样做的\Here'swhattheydid.
现在派克正蜷缩在救生艇的角落\BynowthecabinboyParkerislyingatthebottomofthelifeboatinthecorner
因为他不顾众人劝阻饮用了海水\becausehehaddrunkseawateragainsttheadviceoftheothers
他生病了而且似乎快死了\andhehadbecomeillandheappearedtobedying.
在第19天船长达德利\Soonthe19thdayDudleythecaptain
建议大家应该抽签\suggestedthattheyshouldallhavealottery
通过抽签决定谁先死来救其他的人\thattheyshoulddrawlotstoseewhowoulddietosavetherest.
布鲁克斯拒绝了他不赞成抽签\Brooksrefused.Hedidn'tlikethelotteryidea.
不知道他是因为不愿意冒这个险呢\Wedon'tknowwhetherthiswasbecausehedidn'twanttotakethechance
还是因为他信奉绝对主义道德原则\orbecausehebelievedincategoricalmoralprinciples.
反正最终没有进行抽签\Butinanycasenolotsweredrawn.
又过了一天依然没有船只的影子\Thenextdaytherewasstillnoshipinsight
于是达德利叫布鲁克斯转过头去\soDudleytoldBrookstoaverthisgaze
并示意斯蒂芬斯最好杀掉派克\andhemotionedtoStevensthattheboyParkerhadbetterbekilled.
达德利为派克做了祷告并告诉派克他的时辰到了\Dudleyofferedaprayerhetoldtheboyhistimehadcome
然后就用小刀割破他的颈静脉杀死了他\andhekilledhimwithapenknifestabbinghiminthejugularvein.
虽然良心上极力拒绝但布鲁克斯\Brooksemergedfromhisconscientiousobjection
最终还是加入了这骇人的"盛宴"\toshareinthegruesomebounty.
整整四天他们三个\Forfourdaysthethreeofthem
靠派克的尸体和血液为食\fedonthebodyandbloodofthecabinboy.
真实的故事最后他们得救了\Truestory.Andthentheywererescued.
达德利日记里描述的得救情形委婉得让人震惊\Dudleydescribestheirrescueinhisdiarywithstaggeringeuphemism.
他写道第24天我们正在吃早餐\Quote"Onthe24thdayaswewerehavingourbreakfast
终于有船来了\ashipappearedatlast."
一艘德国船搭救了这三名幸存者\ThethreesurvivorswerepickedupbyaGermanship.
把他们带回了英国的法尔茅斯\TheyweretakenbacktoFalmouthinEngland
并在那被逮捕接受审判\wheretheywerearrestedandtried.
布鲁克斯成了目击证人达德利和斯蒂芬斯则成了被告\Brooksturnedstate'switness.DudleyandStevenswenttotrial.
他们对事实供认不讳\Theydidn'tdisputethefacts.
但他们声称此行为是迫不得已\Theyclaimedtheyhadactedoutofnecessity;
他们这样辩护\thatwastheirdefense.
辩称"牺牲一人保全三人"是更好的结果\Theyarguedineffectbetterthatoneshoulddiesothatthreecouldsurvive.
但控方并不为之所动\Theprosecutorwasn'tswayedbythatargument.
他认为谋杀就是谋杀所以此案被送上法庭\Hesaidmurderismurderandsothecasewenttotrial.
现在假设你们就是陪审团\Nowimagineyouarethejury.
为了简化讨论过程撇开法律问题不谈\Andjusttosimplifythediscussionputasidethequestionoflaw
假设你们作为陪审团只需裁定\let'sassumethatyouasthejuryarechargedwithdeciding
他们的所作所为在道德上是否是允许的\whetherwhattheydidwasmorallypermissibleornot.
有多少会投"无罪"认为道德上是允许的\Howmanywouldvote'notguilty'thatwhattheydidwasmorallypermissible?
多少会投"有罪"认为道德上是不允许的\Andhowmanywouldvote'guilty'whattheydidwasmorallywrong?
绝大多数认为有罪\Aprettysizeablemajority.
现在来听听大家的理由\Nowlet'sseewhatpeople'sreasonsare
先从少数派开始\andletmebeginwiththosewhoareintheminority.
先听听为达德利和斯蒂芬斯作出的辩护\Let'shearfirstfromthedefenseofDudleyandStevens.
你为什么会在道德上赦免他们\Whywouldyoumorallyexoneratethem?
理由是什么\Whatareyourreasons?
你来\Yes.
我认为此行为应该受到道德上的谴责\Ithinkitismorallyreprehensible
但我认为道德上应该受到谴责\butIthinkthatthereisadistinctionbetweenwhat'smorallyreprehensible
并不等同于法律上应当承担责任\andwhatmakessomeonelegallyaccountable.
换言之正如法官常说的\Inotherwordsasthejudgesaid
情有可原未必不可法外容情\what'salwaysmoralisn'tnecessarilyagainstthelaw
当然我不认为一句情有可原\andwhileIdon'tthinkthatnecessity
就能为盗窃谋杀以及其他违法行为正名\justifiestheftormurderoranyillegalact
但有时情有可原的程度\atsomepointyourdegreeofnecessity
确实可能法外容情赦免你的罪行\doesinfactexonerateyoufromanyguilt.
很好其他人呢还有谁来辩护\Okay.Good.Otherdefenders.Othervoicesforthedefense.
为他们行为来点道德辩护\Moraljustificationsforwhattheydid.
你来\Yes.
谢谢我只是认为\Thankyou.Ijustfeellike
在那样的绝境下为了生存你不得不那样做\inthesituationthatdesperateyouhavetodowhatyouhavetodotosurvive.
不得不那样做\Youhavetodowhatyouhavetodo.
对差不多吧不得已而为之\Yeahyou'vegottodowhatyou'vegottodo.Prettymuch.
如果你已经19天没有进食\Ifyou'vebeengoing19dayswithoutanyfood
那么总得有人要作出牺牲\youknowsomeonejusthastotakethesacrifice
必须有人牺牲其他人才能活下来\someonehastomakethesacrificeandpeoplecansurvive.
此外假定他们活了下来\Andfurthermorefromthatlet'ssaytheysurvive
回家以后成为对社会更加有益的公民\andthentheybecomeproductivemembersofsociety
比如创建了无数的慈善机构\whogohomeandstartlikeamillioncharityorganizations
或者诸如此类的\andthisandthatandthisandthat.
-最终他们造福了所有人-对\-Imeantheybenefitedeverybodyintheend.-Yeah.
当然没人知道他们接下来的情况\SoImeanIdon'tknowwhattheydidafterwards
他们也可能回去杀了更多人我不知道\theymighthavegoneandlikekilledmorepeopleIdon'tknow.
-那边在说什么-也许他们成了杀手\-What?
-Maybetheywereassassins.
那万一他们回家后结果成了杀手呢\Whatiftheywenthomeandtheyturnedouttobeassassins?
那万一是杀手的话这个问题...\Whatiftheywenthomeandturnedouttobeassassins?
你肯定想知道他们要杀谁\Youdowanttoknowwhotheyassassinated.
那倒是的确实是这样\That'struetoo.That'sfair.That'sfair.
我的确会想知道他们要杀谁\Iwouldwanttoknowwhotheyassassinated.
好的你回答得不错你叫什么名字\Allright.That'sgood.What'syourname?
-马库斯-马库斯好了\-Marcus.-Marcus.Al
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 哈佛 公开 公正 课中英 字幕 第二 食人 惨案