临界的比较法.docx
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临界的比较法.docx
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临界的比较法
CRITICALCOMPARATIVELAW
ConsideringParadoxesforLegalSystemsinTransition
EsinÖrücü
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Contents
1.Shiftinghorizons:
Oldandnew
1.1Comparativelaw:
Anoldquestion
1.2Comparativelaw:
Facingnewtrends
1.2.1Comparativelaw:
Legaltheoryandjurisprudence
1.2.2Comparativelaw:
Legalhistory
1.2.3Comparativelaw:
Culture
1.2.4Comparativelaw:
Economics
1.2.5Criticalcomparativelaw:
Adifferentnameoradifferentapproach?
1.3Thelink:
Reciprocalinfluences
2.Convergenceversusdivergence:
Mustitbeeither-or?
2.1Thetwoapproaches:
Aretheymutuallyexclusive?
2.2Harmonisationorharmony?
3.Paradoxesforrecipients:
Modernisationandborrowing
3.1Poolofmodelsandpossiblemismatch:
Whichmodel?
Whichrecipient?
3.2Thefirstparadox:
Similarityanddifference
3.2.1Whichtostress?
3.2.2Thevalueofthedifferent
3.3Thesecondparadox:
Canthemismatchbecorrected?
3.4Thethirdparadox:
Contemporarycharacterofimport/export
4.Intermezzo:
Thetestbed
5.ThecaseofEnglishcommonlaw:
Contaminated,irritatedorcorrected?
5.1Pastencountersabroad
5.2ThePrivyCouncil:
Unitythroughdiversity?
5.3Encountersathome
5.4Present-dayencounters
5.4.1Convergence:
Concepts
5.4.2Convergence:
Statutoryinterpretation
5.4.3Convergence:
Codification
5.4.3.1Introduction
5.4.3.2TheLawCommission
5.4.3.3CommercialCode
5.4.3.4CriminalCode
5.4.3.5ContractCode
5.4.3.6CoexistenceofcommonlawandcivillawinCodes
5.4.3.7EuropeanCodesinthecommonlawcontext
5.5Civillawandcommonlaw:
Contaminants,irritantsorcorrectives?
6.ThecaseofTurkey:
Ahyphenatedlegalsystem?
6.1Theformation
6.1.1TurkishimportandtheEU
6.1.2Internalimplications
6.1.2.1Examplesofadjustment:
Legislative
6.1.2.2Examplesofadjustment:
Judicial
6.2Thedevelopment
6.3Theexperience:
Hyphenatedlegalsystem
6.3.1ModeOne:
Swiss-Turkishlaw
6.3.1.1Indevelopingprinciples
6.3.1.2Intheunificationofprecedents
6.3.1.3Indissentingopinions
6.3.2ModeOne:
Turkish-Other'sourcelaws'
6.3.2.1Italian-TurkishandGerman-Turkishlaw
6.3.2.2French-Turkishlaw
6.3.3ModeTwo:
Layeredandhyphenatedexistence
6.4Assessment
7.ThecaseofCentralandEasternEurope:
Choice,chanceornecessity?
7.1Systemsintransition
7.2Legaltranspositions
7.3Theelementsofthepresentexperience
7.3.1Formandcontent
7.3.2Chance
7.3.3Prestigeandefficiency
7.3.4Elites
7.3.5Choice
7.3.6Culture,structureandsubstance
7.4Models
7.5Assessment
8.Cancomparativelegalstudiesofferthepanacea?
Wheredowegofromhere?
Notes
1.Shiftinghorizons:
Oldandnew
1.1Comparativelaw:
Anoldquestion
Modern,systematiccomparativelawisachildofthenineteenthcenturyandanadolescentofthetwentieth.Duringthisperiod,beyondgivingthecomparativelawyera'freerein'andbeingregardedas'interesting',comparativelawhasprovidedaseeminglyunendingpastimeforcomparatistsandotherstodiscussitstruemeaning,historicaldevelopment,dangers,virtues,scope,functions,aimsandpurposes,usesandmisuses,andmethod,andthisevenaftercomparativelawhadbeenacceptedaspartoftheundergraduatecurriculuminmostuniversities.
(2)Thiswasasorrystateofaffairs.Comparativelawis,dareIsayit,stillinasorrystatein1999,inspiteofbeingregardednowasindispensableandthefactthatthenextcenturymaybecome'theeraofcomparativelaw',(3)thetimeofitsmajority.Letalonehavingadecisivedefinitionofwhatcomparativelawandcomparativemethodistoday,itseemsstillopentodiscussionwhetherthisisindeedanindependentdisciplineatall.(4)Comparatistshavealreadybeencalledupontorethinktheirsubject.(5)Itisevensuggestedthat'thecomparativemethodmayhavemoreofafuturebypenetratingothersubjectsthanbytryingtoassertitsowncontinuedindependenceundertheunconvincingtitleofcomparativelaw'.(6)Thiskindofdesperateviewmayhavearisenpartlyfromacircularandrathervaguedefinitiongivenbytwoofthemostestablishedcomparatistsofourtime:
'[T]hewordssuggestanintellectualactivitywithlawasitsobjectandcomparisonasitsprocess.'(7)Wewellknowthatthereisnofundamentalagreementevenon'whatlawis'.(8)
Mightonegosofarastosaythat,if'historicalaccidents'suchasthefollowinghadnottakenplace,therewouldhavebeennoneedforcomparativelawyers?
'IfthelegallearningoftheRomanEmpirehadnotbeenlostinthebarbarianinvasions...','IfinEnglandtherehadbeennoNormanconquestandconsequentlythecentralisedcourtsoftheKinghadnotbeenestablished...','IfNapoleonhadnotbeeninterestedincodification...','IfRomanLawhadnotbeenrediscoveredinthetwelfthcentury...','Ifineverycountrylegalsciencehadnotbeennationalisedinthesenseofbeingnationallyisolated...','IfAlgeriahadnotbeencolonisedbytheFrench...',thatis,'If"buts"and"ands"were"pots"and"pans"...'Yet,notonlyarecomparatistshere,butthereisalsoarenewedandgrowinginterestinthesubject.Asurveyoflawjournalsoverthelasttenyearsrevealsthatthenumberofarticlesoncomparativelaw-andthesearenotjustcomparativestudiesofcertainareasoflaw,butsearching,creativeandinnovativearticleslookingatcomparativelawproper-havequadrupled.(9)AultandGlendon'sremarkin1974that,'ifcomparativelawdidnotexist,itwouldhavetohavebeeninvented',(10)isevenmorepertinenttoday.
Acursoryreadingofanywellestablishedcomparativelawtextbookwillinformthereaderofthe1900ParisCongressandofthealigningofcomparatistsasmethodologistsandsocialscientists,theaimsandpurposesofcomparativelawandhowitrelatestootherbranchesoflaw.Whenthevastnumberofworksmakinguseofcomparativelawareread,thefollowingobjectivescanbenoted:
academicstudy;lawreformandpolicydevelopment;atoolforresearchtoreachauniversaltheoryoflaw;theprovisionofperspectivetostudents;anaidtointernationalpracticeofthelaw;internationalunificationandharmonisation-commoncoreresearch;agap-fillingdeviceinlawcourts;andanaidtoworldpeace.Theseobjectivesaresometimesgroupedaspractical,sociological,politicalorpedagogical.Thefindingsofcomparativelawyerscanindeedbeutilisedforanyoftheseobjectives.Whethertheseuseshavebeenfullytakenadvantageofandwhethertheobjectivesformulatedabovehavebeenrealisedshouldbeopenfordiscussionwhentakingstockofcomparativelegalstudiesattheendofthetwentiethcentury.Theseissuesmustbestudiedandassessedbeforewemoveintoa'newcenturyforcomparativelaw'.(11)Howeverurgentthismaybe,itisnottheaimofthepresentstudy.Neitherisitthemainconcernofthepresentstudytoquestionwhethertheabovearetheprimeobjectivesofcomparativelaw.Onemight,forexample,prefertounderstandtheprimefunctionofcomparativelawtobetheprovisionofwideraccesstolegalknowledge,tofurtheruniversalknowledgeandunderstandingofthephenomenaoflaw,(12)andregardcomparativelawprimarilyasthecriticalextractionofthislegalknowledgefromindividualinstances.
Inearlieryearscomparativelawwascategorisedas'descriptive','applied','abstractorspeculative'.Othercategorisationsincomparativelawarealsowellknown:
internal/external;descriptive/dogmatic/applied/contrasting;legislative/scholarly/scientificortheoretical;formal/dogmatic/historical;comparativenomoscopy/nomothetics/nomogenetics;and,macrocomparison/microcomparison.Towardstheendofthetwentiethcentury,however,anumberofdistinctapproachestocomparativelawhavebecomeprominentandhavegaineddominanceovertheothers.Ontheonehand,theseapproachesmayenhancetheprospectsofcomparativelaw,ontheother,theycouldswallowitandchangeitscharacter.
1.2Comparativelaw:
Facingnewtrends
Therearefoursuchdistincttrendsworthmentioningincomparativelawdiscoursetoday:
comparativelawandlegalphilosophy(comparativejurisprudence);comparativelawandlegalhistory(historicalcomparativelaworhistorico-comparativeperspective);comparativelawandculture(comparativelegalculturesandlawandculturestudies);andcomparativelawandeconomics.
Itsadvocatesclaimthatonlythecombinationofcomparativelawandlegalphilosophycanreachatrueunderstandingoflaw.Thecombinationofcomparativelawandlegalhistoryisusedbythe'newiuscommune'seekersandlegaltransplantscholars.Thecombinationofcomparativelawandculture,whichtooktheformof'lawandsocietystudies'inthe1970sand'lawandpopularculture'inthe1980s,nowseekstoinvolvecomparativelawstudiesinordertoprovideabetterunderstandingofmulti-culturalismandintegration.Thecomparativelawandeconomicsmovement,verymuchinvoguetoday,endeavourstosetupcompetinglegalsystemsasanalternativetoharmonisationandcodificationtofindthemostefficientsolutionstoglobalproblems.
1.2.1Comparativelaw:
Legaltheoryandjurisprudence
Thefirstofthesetrendswasinitiallytheoutcomeofthesearchforatruemeaningforcomparativelawattemptingtoestablishcomparativelawnotonlyasadisciplineinitself,butalsoas'justanother
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