外文翻译汽车差速器.docx
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外文翻译汽车差速器.docx
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外文翻译汽车差速器
Failureanalysisofanautomobiledifferentialpinionshaft
Abstract
Differentialisusedtodecreasethespeedandtoprovidemomentincreasefortransmittingthemovementcomingfromtheenginetothewheelsbyturningitaccordingtothesuitableangleinvehiclesandtoprovidethatinnerandouterwheelsturndifferently.Piniongearandshaftattheentrancearemanufacturedasasinglepartwhereastheyareindifferentformsaccordingtoautomobiletypes.Mirrorgearwhichwillworkwiththisgearshouldbecomefamiliarbeforetheassembly.Incaseofanybreakdown,theyshouldbechangedasapair.Generally,inthesesystemsthereareweardamagesingears.Thegearinspectedinthisstudyhasdamageasaformofshaftfracture.
Inthisstudy,failureanalysisofthedifferentialpinionshaftiscarriedout.Mechanicalcharacteristicsofthematerialareobtainedfirst.Then,themicrostructureandchemicalcompositionsaredetermined.Somefractographicstudiesarecarriedouttoassesthefatigueandfractureconditions.
Keywords:
Differential;Fracture;Powertransfer;Pinionshaft
1.Introduction
Thefinal-drivegearsmaybedirectlyorindirectlydrivenfromtheoutputgearingofthegearbox.Directlydrivenfinaldrivesareusedwhentheengineandtransmissionunitsarecombinedtogethertoformanintegralconstruction.Indirectlydrivenfinaldrivesareusedattherearofthevehiclebeingeithersprungandattachedtothebodystructureorunsprungandincorporatedintherear-axlecasing.Thefinal-drivegearsareusedinthetransmissionsystemforthefollowingreasons[1]:
(a)toredirectthedrivefromthegearboxorpropellershaftthrough90°and,
(b)toprovideapermanentgearreductionbetweentheengineandthedrivingroad-wheels.
Invehicles,differentialisthemainpartwhichtransmitsthemovementcomingfromtheenginetothewheels.Onasmoothroad,themovementcomestobothwheelsevenly.Theinnerwheelshouldturnlessandtheouterwheelshouldturnmoretodotheturningwithoutlateralslippingandbeingflung.Differential,whichisgenerallyplacedinthemiddlepartoftherearbridge,consistsofpiniongear,mirrorgear,
differentialbox,twoaxlegearandtwopinionspidergears.
AschematicillustrationofadifferentialisgiveninFig.1.ThetechnicaldrawingofthefracturedpinionshaftisalsogiveninFig.2.Fig.3showsthephotographofthefracturedpinionshaftandthefracturesectionisindicated.
Indifferentials,mirrorandpiniongeararemadetogetusedtoeachotherduringmanufacturingandthesameserialnumberisgiven.Bothofthemarechangedonconditionthatthereareanyproblems.Inthesesystems,thecommondamageisthewearofgears[2–4].Inthisstudy,thepinionshaftofthedifferentialofa
minibushasbeeninspected.Theminibusisadieselvehicledrivenattherearaxleandhasapassengercapacityof15people.Maximumenginepoweris90/4000HP/rpm,andmaximumtorqueis205/1600Nm/rpm.Itstransmissionboxhasmanualsystem(5forward,1back).Thedamagewascausedbystoppingandstartingtheminibusatatrafficlights.Inthisdifferential,entranceshaftwhichcarriesthepiniongearwasbroken.Variousstudieshavebeenmadetodeterminethetypeandpossiblereasonsofthedamage.
Theseare:
_studiescarriedouttodeterminethematerialoftheshaft;
_studiescarriedouttodeterminethemicro-structure;
_studiesrelatedtothefracturesurface.
ThereisacloserphotographofthefracturedsurfacesandfractureareainFig.4.Thefracturewascausedbytakingoutcircularmarkgearseeninthemiddleofsurfaces.
Fig.1.Schematicoftheanalyseddifferential.
Fig.2.Technicaldrawingoftheanalysedpinionshaft
Fig.3.Thepictureoftheundamageddifferentialpinionanalysedinthestudy
Fig.4.Photographsoffailedshaft
2.Experimentalprocedure
Specimensextractedfromtheshaftweresubjectedtovarioustestsincludinghardnesstestsandmetallographicandscanningelectronmicroscopyaswellasthedeterminationofchemicalcomposition.Alltestswerecarriedoutatroomtemperature.
2.1.Chemicalandmetallurgicalanalysis
Chemicalanalysisofthefractureddifferentialmaterialwascarriedoutusingaspectrometer.ThechemicalcompositionofthematerialisgiveninTable1.ChemicalcompositionshowsthatthematerialisalowalloycarburisingsteeloftheAISI8620type.
Hardenabilityofthissteelisverylowbecauseoflowcarbonproportion.Therefore,surfaceareabecomeshardandhighlyenduring,andinnerareasbecomestoughbyincreasingcarbonproportiononthesurfaceareawithcementationoperation.Thisisthekindofsteelwhichisgenerallyusedinmechanicalpartssubjecteddotorsionandbending.Highresistanceisobtainedonthesurfaceandhighfatigueendurancevaluecanbeobtainedwithcompressiveresidualstressbymakingthesurfaceharder[5–7].
Inwhichalloyelementsdistributethemselvesincarbonsteelsdependsprimarilyonthecompound-andcarbide-formingtendenciesofeachelement.Nickeldissolvesintheaferriteofthesteelsinceithaslesstendencytoformcarbidesthaniron.Siliconcombinestoalimitedextentwiththeoxygenpresentinthesteeltoformnonmetallicinclusionsbutotherwisedissolvesintheferrite.Mostofthemanganeseaddedtocarbonsteelsdissolvesintheferrite.Chromium,whichhasasomewhatstrongercarbide-formingtendencythaniron,partitionsbetweentheferriteandcarbidephases.Thedistributionofchromiumdependsontheamountofcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchastitaniumandcolumbiumareabsent.Tungstenandmolybdenumcombinewithcarbontoformcarbidesifthereissufficientcarbonpresentandifotherstrongercarbide-formingelementssuchastitaniumandcolumbiumareabsent.Manganeseandnickellowertheeutectoidtemperature[8].
PreliminarymicrostructuralexaminationofthefaileddifferentialmaterialisshowninFig.5.ItcanbeseenthatthematerialhasamixedstructureinwhichsomeferriteexistprobablyasaresultofslowcoolingandhighSicontent.HighSicontentinthistypeofsteelimprovestheheattreatmentsusceptibilityaswellasanimprovementofyieldstrengthandmaximumstresswithoutanyreductionofductility[9].Ifthemicrostructurecannotbeinvertedtomartensitebyquenching,areductionoffatiguelimitisobserved.
Table1
Chemicalanalysisofthepiniongearmaterial(wt%)
FeCSiMnPSCrMoNi96.920.2350.2520.7860.0440.0160.4810.1510.517andfracturesurfaces.
Fig.5.Microstructureofthematerial(200·).
ThereareareaswithcarbonphaseinFig.5(a).ThereisthetransitionboundaryofcarburisationinFig.5(b)and(c)showsthematrixregionwithoutcarburisation.Asfarasitisseeninthesephotographs,thepiecewasfirstcarburised,thenthequenchingoperationwasdoneandthantempered.Thissituationcanbeunderstoodfromblindmartensiteplates.
2.2.Hardnesstests
ThehardnessmeasurementsarecarriedoutbyaMetTest-HTtypecomputerintegratedhardnesstester.Theloadis1471N.Themediumhardnessvalueoftheinteriorregionsisobtainedas43HRC.Microhardnessmeasurementshavebeenmadetodeterminethechanceofhardnessvaluesalongthecross-sectionbecauseofthehardeningofsurfaceareaduetocarburisation.TheresultsofVickershardnessmeasurementunderaloadof4.903NareillustratedinTable2.
2.3.Inspectionofthefracture
ThedirectobservationsofthepiecewithfracturedsurfacesandSEManalysesaregiveninthischapter.Thecrackstartedbecauseofapossibleprobleminthebottomofnotchcausedtheshafttobebrokencompletely.Thecrackstartedontheouterpart,aftersometimeitcontinuedbeyondthecentreandtherewasonlyalittlepartleft.Andthispartwasbrokenstaticallyduringsuddenstartingofthevehicleatthetrafficlights.Asacharacteristicofthefatiguefracture,therearetworegionsinthefracturedsurface.Theseareasmoothsurfacecreatedbycrackpropagationandaroughsurfacecreatedbysuddenfracture.ThesetworegionscanbeseenclearlyfortheentireproblemasinFig.4.Thefatiguecrackpropagationregioncoversmorethan80%ofthecross-section.
Table2
MicrohardnessvaluesDistancefromsurface(lm)50100200400Center
ValuesHV(4903N)588410293286263
Fig.
Fig.6.SEMimageofthefracturesurfaceshowingtheductileshear.
Fig.7.SEMimageofthefracturesurfaceshowingthebeachmarksofthefatiguecrackpropagation.
Shaftworksundertheeffectofbending,torsionandaxialforceswhichaffectrepeatedlydependingontheusageplace.Thereisasharpfilletatlevelonthefracturedsection.Forthisreason,stressconcentrationfactorsoftheareahavebeendetermined.Kt=2.4value(forbendingandtension)andKt=1.9value(fortorsion)havebeenacquiredaccordingtocalculations.Thesearequitehighvaluesforareasexposedtocombinedloading.
Theseobservationsandanalysisshowthatthepiecewasbrokenundertheinfluenceoftorsionwithlownominalstressesandmediumstressconcentration[10].
Thescanningelectronmicroscopyshowsthatthefracturehastakenplaceinaductilemanner(Fig.6).Therearesomeshearlipsinthecrackpropagationregionwhichisaglueoftheplasticsheardeformations.Fig.7showsthebeachmarksofthefatiguecrackpropagation.Thedistancebetweenanytwolinesisnearly133nm.
3.Conclusions
Afaileddifferentialpinionshaftisanalysedinthisstudy.ThepinionshaftisproducedfromAISI8620lowcarboncarburisingsteelwhichhadacarburising,quenchingandtemperingheattreatmentprocess.Mechanicalproperties,microstructuralproperties,chemicalcompositionsandfractogr
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