英语词汇学串讲上中下.docx
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英语词汇学串讲上中下.docx
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英语词汇学串讲上中下
英语词汇学串讲<上>
第一讲:
1.考试题形式分为:
Ⅰ.选择题(30分):
完全是考书中的例子,理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’的结合。
Ⅱ.填空(10分):
考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’.
Ⅲ.(10分)考试内容:
ⅰ.Typesofmeaningchanges:
词意变化的种类
ⅱ.Typesofmeaning:
词义的种类,如:
概念意义,联想意义,情感意义等。
ⅲ.Languagesbranches:
语系与语族,语系如:
印欧语系;语族如:
一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族,如:
日尔曼语族,斯堪的纳维亚语族等。
ⅳ.Feathersofidioms:
习语的特点
Ⅳ.(10分)考试内容:
ⅰ.TypesofBoundMorphemes:
粘着词素的种类
ⅱ.TypesofWordFormations:
构词法的种类
ⅲ.TypesofMeaning:
词义的种类
ⅳ.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:
习语涵义的种类
Ⅴ.名词解释(10分):
Ⅵ.简答题(12分):
ⅰ.比较题:
两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题,比如说‘概念意义与联想意
义有何区别,粘着词素与派生词根有何区别,两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。
ⅱ.名词解释扩展题:
难的名词解释派生的简答题,如:
AffectedMeaning名词
解释起来太长了,放在简答题里,就成为:
WhatisAffectedMeaning,
brieflyexemplifyit.
ⅲ.Optional:
可考可不考的题,往往是给出名词让你举例子
Ⅶ.分析题(18分):
给出例子,让你用理论加以分析。
二.串讲内容:
Introduction部分:
Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:
Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.
Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:
1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography
研究lexicology的两大方法:
1)Diachronicapproach:
历时语言学
2)Synchronicapproach:
共时语言学
e.g.wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论,woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式?
Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization
第一章部分:
Whatisword?
词具有哪些特点?
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;
2)Asoundunityoragivensound;
3)aunitofmeaning;
4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
词的分类(classificationofaword)
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词?
或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词?
1)simplewords2)complexwords
单音节词例子:
e.g.Manandfinearesimple
多音节词例子:
e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmail
management可以次划分为manage和-ment
misfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortune
blackmail次划分为black和mail
Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?
1)Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.
e.g.dog.cat
2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.
3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedby
differentsounds.
Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?
1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordof
theoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoral
form,suchasEnglishlanguage.
2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish
3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferences
occurbetweenthetwo.
Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshipor
irregularitybetweensoundandform?
1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwas
adoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparateletterto
representeachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdo
doubledutyorworktogetherincombination.
2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidly
thanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfar
apart.
3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbythe
earlyscribes.
4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelof
enrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词:
1)influencedbyRomans
2)Pronunciationchanged
3)earlyscribes
4)borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些?
e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。
Whatisvocabulary?
Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,but
itcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.
Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,
agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.
ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)
Whatistheclassificationofwords?
Howtoclassifywordsin
linguistics?
Threecriteria:
1)Byuseoffrequency
2)Bynotion
3)Byorigin
Byuseoffrequency可划分为:
1)Thebasicwordstock
2)Nonbasicwordvocabulary
Bynotion可划分为:
1)Contentword
2)Functionalword
Contentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)
Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(
Functionalwords的别称)
Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.
stability
AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考试必考)thenine
functionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will
you
Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?
1)Allnationalcharacter
2)Stability
3)Productivity
4)Polysemy
5)Collocability
要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的,最普通的词
稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点,请你举例说明?
e.g.man,woman,fire,water…
e.g.machine,video,telephone…
e.g.bow,chariot,knight
Stabilityisrelative,notabsolute.
根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外,还有一类词叫作Nonebasic
vocabulary,非基本词有几大特点?
或者是几大分类?
1)Terminology
e.g.sonata,algebra
2)Jargon
e.g.Bottomline(Jargon)
3)Slang
e.g.smoky,bear(Slang)
4)Argot
e.g.persuader
5)Dialectalwords
e.g.station(AusE=ranch)
bluid(ScotE=blood)
6)Archaisms
e.g.wilt(will)
7)Neologisms
e.g.email(Neologisms)
beaver是girl的slang表达方式,但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference
WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,content
wordsorfunctionalwords?
Answer:
Contentwords
Whatisnativewords?
Answer:
(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonative
wordsandborrowedwords.
(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturyby
theGermantribes:
theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowas
Anglo-Saxonwords.
(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingto
roughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasic
wordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage
什么叫borrowedwords?
Answer:
(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowas
borrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.
(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80
percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary
(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionary
some80%oftheentriesareborrowed.
什么叫Denizens?
Denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewell
assimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.Inotherwordstheyhavecometo
conformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasport
fromportus(L).
‘Denizens’的例子都要记:
Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),
shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier
(F),porkfromporc(F).
什么叫Translation-loans?
Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexisting
materialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfrom
anotherlanguage,suchas‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)
什么叫Semantic-loans?
wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,But
theirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanew
meaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream
whichoriginallymeant’joy’and‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwas
borrowedlaterfromtheNorse.
第二章:
ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary
TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily
Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit
5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300language
familiesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockand
grammar.(重点:
语系划分的标准)
Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?
Theanswer:
1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock
2.grammar
(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容:
)
Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.
‘Indo-European’两大分支:
1.Easternset
2.Westernset
Easternset:
Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian
Westernset:
Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.
InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.
Celtic:
Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton
ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,
Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.
TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:
Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownas
Scandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,Flemishand
English.
WithVikings’invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglish
language.
Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhave
survivedinmodernEnglish.
OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.Itwasa
highlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.
重点句:
ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintingin
England
古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)
古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)
Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期?
.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglish
period)
如果从词汇变化的角度而言,ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,
modernperiod.
*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)
EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance
ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入?
TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod
现代英语时期,英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)
TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom
(Colonization)
TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothe
presentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)
GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary
Threemainsourcesofnewwords:
1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology
2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;
3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage
2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment
1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing
2)Semanticchange(还包括外来词的Semanticloans)
Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer
外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.
重点句:
borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.
恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色
Revivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthof
Englishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.Thisisespeciallytrue
ofAmericanEnglish.
英语从synthetic
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