CPA英语辅导讲义审计.docx

CPA英语辅导讲义审计.docx

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CPA英语辅导讲义审计

CPA英语辅导讲义_审计

一、相关背景

1、2008年注册会计师全国统一考试将在会计、审计和财务成本管理三门课程中增加10分的英语附加题。

这一变化主要是为了满足中国经济和行业发展对国际型人才的需要。

财政部CPA考试委员会将逐步推广英文附加题到其他考试科目中。

据此看来，在CPA各科考试中加试英语将是一个趋势。

2、增加英语附加题后，会计、审计、财务成本管理的总分为110分，及格分仍为60分，总体考试时间不变。

英语附加题要求用英语回答，所以考生朋友们一定要根据本人英语水平选择作答。

有一定英语基础（大学英语四、六级水平，掌握一定的财经英语词汇），打算选答英语附加题的考生朋友应该合理规划和安排时间，在考试时认真阅读试卷首页的特别提示和答题导语，争取尽可能多的在英语附加题上拿分。

英语基础较薄弱的考生朋友不要慌乱，心态要放平和，力争前面的100分，如果时间允许可尝试做英语附加题。

二、可能的题型

因为只有10分的英语题，所以估计出客观题的可能性不大，很有可能是主观题，并且是专业题。

题型可能包括：

名词解释，英汉互译，问答（理论性的或业务性的）。

从2007年会计、审计两门课的英语加试题判断，出业务核算和以计算为主的专业题的可能性较大。

三、审计英语讲解

Auditing

一、鉴证业务与外部审计Assuranceengagementsandexternalaudit

Anassuranceengagementisoneinwhichapractitionerexpressesaconclusiondesignedtoenhancethedegreeofconfidenceoftheintendedusersotherthantheresponsiblepartyabouttheoutcomeoftheevaluationormeasurementofasubjectmatteragainstcriteria.

Assuranceservice:

externalaudit

Practitioner=Auditor

Subjectmatter=Financialstatements

Responsibleparty=Management

Intendedusers=Shareholders

Criteria=Accountingstandards/law

Conclusion=Truthandfairness

Levelofassurance=High（renderedas“reasonableassurance”）

Twogeneraltypesofassuranceengagement:

Anassertionbasedengagementwheretheaccountdeclaresthatagivenassertioniseithercorrectornot.

Adirectreportingengagement,wheretheaccountantreportsonissuesthathavecometohisattentionduringhisevaluation.

Anauditisanexercisetogiveanindependentopiniononthetruthandfairnessoffinancialstatements.

1．重要性、真实和公允反应、合理保证

Materiality,trueandfairpresentation,reasonableassurance

Materialityisthemagnitudeofanomissionormisstatementofaccountinginformationthat,inthelightofsurroundingcircumstances,makesitprobablethatthejudgmentofareasonablepersonrelyingontheinformationwouldhavebeenchangedorinfluencedbytheomissionormisstatement.Anauditormustconsidermaterialitybothin

（1）planningtheauditanddesigningauditproceduresand

（2）evaluatingauditresults.

2．注册会计师的聘用，解聘和辞职

Appointment,removalandresignationofauditors

3．审计意见类型：

标准无保留意见、带强调事项段的无保留意见、保留意见、否定意见、无法表示意见

Typesofopinion:

standardunqualifiedopinion,Unqualifiedwithemphasisofmatterparagraph,qualifiedopinion,adverseopinion,disclaimerofopinion.

4．职业道德：

独立、客观和公正，专业胜任能力，应有的关注，保密性，职业行为

Professionalethics:

independence,objectivityandintegrity,professionalcompetence,duecare,confidentiality,professionalbehavior

5．审计业务约定书Engagementletter

二、审计计划和风险评估Planningandriskassessment

1．一般原则Generalprinciples

·Planandperformauditswithanattitudeofprofessionalskepticism

·Auditrisks=inherentrisk×controlrisk×detectionrisk

（1）Inherentriskreferstothelikelihoodofmaterialmisstatementofanassertion,assumingnorelatedinternalcontrol.Thisriskdiffersbyaccountandassertion.

（2）Controlriskisthelikelihoodthatamaterialmisstatementwillnotbepreventedordetectedonatimelybasisbyinternalcontrol.Thisriskisassessedusingtheresultsoftestsofcontrol.

（3）Detectionriskisthelikelihoodthatanauditor’sproceduresleadtoanimproperconclusionthatnomaterialmisstatementexistsinanassertionwheninfactsuchamisstatementdoesexist.Theauditor’ssubstantivetestsareprimarilyreliedupontorestrictdetectionrisk.

审计风险=重大错报风险×检查风险

Auditrisks=materialmisstatementrisk×detectionrisk

练习：

Theauditorsassessedacombinedinherentriskandcontrolriskat0.50andsaidtheywantedtoachievea0.05riskoffailingtodetectmisstatementsinanaccountequaltothe￥17,000tolerablemisstatementassignedtotheaccount.Whatdetectionriskdotheauditorsplantouseforplanningtheremainderoftheauditwork?

·Risk-basedapproach：

auditrisk-basedapproach,businessrisk-basedapproach

2．了解被审单位

Understandingtheentityandknowledgeofthebusiness

TheCPAshouldobtainalevelofknowledgeoftheclient’sbusinessthatwillenableeffectiveplanningandperformanceoftheauditinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedauditingstandards.Thisknowledgehelpstheauditorin

（1）Identifyingareasthatmayneedspecialconsideration

（2）Assessingconditionsunderwhichaccountingdataareproduced,processed,reviewedandaccumulated

（3）Evaluatingaccountingestimatesforreasonableness（e.g.,valuationofinventories,depreciation,allowancefordoubtfulaccounts,percentageofcompletionoflong-termcontracts）

（4）Evaluatingthereasonablenessofmanagementrepresentations

（5）Makingjudgmentsabouttheappropriatenessoftheaccountingprinciplesappliedandtheadequacyofdisclosures

3．估计重大错报或舞弊的风险

Assessingtherisksofmaterialmisstatementandfraud

  重要性水平          可容忍误差

·Materiality（level）tolerableerror

Auditorsusematerialitythreeways:

（1）asaguidetoplanningtheauditprogram—directingattentionandauditworktotheimportant,uncertain,orerror-proneitemsandaccounts;

（2）asaguidetoevaluationoftheevidence;（3）asaguideformakingdecisionsabouttheauditreport.Materialityinauditingisperceivedintermsofbothpotentialmisstatement（inaplanningsense）andknownorestimatedmisstatement（inanevaluationandreportingdecisionsense）.

Auditorsmustexaminebothquantitativeandqualitativefactorswhenassessingmateriality.Someofthecommonfactorsauditorsuseinmakingmaterialityjudgmentsare:

（1）AbsoluteSize;

（2）RelativeSize;（3）Natureoftheitemorissue;（4）Circumstances;（5）Uncertainty;（6）CumulativeEffects

Thetolerablemisstatementistheamountbywhichaparticularaccountmaybemisstated,yetstillnotcausethefinancialstatementstakenasawholetobemateriallymisleading.

练习：

（1）ExplaintherelationshipbetweenMateriality,AuditriskandAuditevidence.

（2）Discussthecriteriawhichwoulddeterminewhetherthefollowingsaleofanassetwouldbedeemedtobematerialandrequiredisclosureinthefinancialstatements.

AB,apubliclimitedcompany,manufacturesengineeringparts,andispreparingitsfinancialstatementsfortheyearending31December2007.

ABhassoldabuildingtooneofitsdirectorswhoretiredon31December2007.Thesellingpriceofthebuildingwas500,000andthecompanymadeprofitof200,000onthetransaction.Ifthebuildingpriceindexrisesmorethan50percentinthenexttwoyearsthenafurther100,000becomespayablebythedirector.Thecompanydoesnotnormallysellbuildingandthistransactionisthefirstofitskindinthecompanyrecords.Thedirectorwasearning400,000perannumatthetimeofherretirement.

Thecompanynormallymakesprofitsofbetween40millionand50millionbutthecurrentyear’soperatingprofitshavedroppedto3million.Thenetassetsofthecompanyare400millionandthecarryingvalueofbuildinginthebalancesheetis100million.

Answer:

（a）Natureandincidenceofthetransaction

Thecompanydoesnotnormallysellbuildingandthistransactionisthefirstofitskind.Alsothetransactioniswitharelatedparty.Althoughtheprofitonthetransactionof200,000isunlikelytobematerialfromthecompany’spointofview,itislikelytobematerialtothedirector,asthecosttothedirectorexceedsherannualsalary.Whenconsideringmateriality,theauditorhasalsotoconsidertheneedsofusersandsoitislikelythatthistransactionwouldbeconsideredmaterialbyusers.

（b）Size

Thesizeoftheprofit（200,000）ismaterialbasedontheoperatingprofit,asitaccountsfor6.7%ofoperatingprofit.Butthesizeofnetassetsmakesthesaleofbuildingimmaterial.

（c）Disclosure

UnderCAS××,theprofitonsaleoftangiblenon-currentassetsmaybedisclosedseparatelydependingonsize.Asdiscussedabove,thenetprofitonsaleis6.7%ofoperatingprofitandsocouldbedeemedtobesignificant;particularlyasthisisthefirsttransactionofitstypecarriedoutbythecompany.

（d）Contingency

UnderCAS××,theauditorsalsoneedtoconsiderwhetheraprovisionneedstobemadefortheadditional100,000thatcouldbecomepayablebythedirector,withinthenexttwoyears.Thecontingencyislikelytooccur,otherwisetheprovisionwouldnotbeincludedinthecontract.However,isthecontingentassetof100,000immaterial?

Onceagain,itisdowntoprofessionaljudgmentastowhetherthecontingencyismaterial.

Takingalltheaboveitemstogether,itislikelythatthesaleoftheassetismaterialtakingparticularnoteofthenatureandincidenceofthetransaction.Thereforeitislikelytobedisclosedintheaccounts,probablyinaccordancewithCAS××RelatedPartyDisclosures.

4．分析性复核程序Analyticalprocedures

Analyticalproceduresarenormallyusedatthreestagesoftheaudit:

（1）planning,

（2）substantivetesting,and（3）overallreviewattheconclusionofanaudit.Theyarerequiredduringtheplanningandoverallreviewstages.

Analyticalproceduresareusedfor3purposes:

（1）Planningnature,timing,andextentofotherauditingprocedures

（2）Substantivetestsaboutparticularassertions

（3）Overallreviewinthefinalstageofaudit

5．制定审计计划Planninganaudit

6．审计记录：

工作底稿

Auditdocumentation:

workingpapers

7．利用其他人的工作

Usingtheworkofothers

·Relyontheworkofexperts

·Relyontheworkofinternalaudit

三、内部控制Internalcontrol

Internalcontrolisaprocesseffectedbyanentity’sboardofdirectors,management,andotherpersonnel—designedtoprovidereasonableassuranceregardingtheachievementofobjectivesinthefollowingcategories:

（1）reliabilityoffinancialreporting,

（2）effectivenessandefficiencyofoperations,and（3）compliancewithapplicablelawsandregulations.

Fivecomponentsofinternalcontrol

（1）controlenvironment

（2）riskassessment

（3）controlactivities

（4）informationandcommunication

（5）monitoring

1．内部控制系统评价

内部控