The Constitution of Japan.docx
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The Constitution of Japan.docx
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TheConstitutionofJapan
"TheWorldandJapan"DatabaseProject
DatabaseofJapanesePoliticsandInternationalRelations
InstituteofOrientalCulture,UniversityofTokyo
[Title]TheConstitutionofJapan
[Place]
[Date]November3,1946
[Source]
[Notes]
[Fulltext]
PREFACE
We,theJapanesepeople,actingthroughourdulyelectedrepresentativesintheNationalDiet,determinedthatweshallsecureforourselvesandourposteritythefruitsofpeacefulcooperationwithallnationsandtheblessingsoflibertythroughoutthisland,andresolvedthatneveragainshallwebevisitedwiththehorrorsofwarthroughtheactionofgovernment,doproclaimthatsovereignpowerresideswiththepeopleanddofirmlyestablishthisConstitution.Governmentisasacredtrustofthepeople,theauthorityforwhichisderivedfromthepeople,thepowersofwhichareexercisedbytherepresentativesofthepeople,andthebenefitsofwhichareenjoyedbythepeople.ThisisauniversalprincipleofmankinduponwhichthisConstitutionisfounded.Werejectandrevokeallconstitutions,lawsordinances,andrescriptsinconflictherewith.
We,theJapanesepeople,desirepeaceforalltimeandaredeeplyconsciousofthehighidealscontrollinghumanrelationshipandwehavedeterminedtopreserveoursecurityandexistence,trustinginthejusticeandfaithofthepeace-lovingpeoplesoftheworld.Wedesiretooccupyanhonoredplaceinaninternationalsocietystrivingforthepreservationofpeace,andthebanishmentoftyrannyandslavery,oppressionandintoleranceforalltimefromtheearth.Werecognizethatallpeoplesoftheworldhavetherighttoliveinpeace,freefromfearandwant.
Webelievethatnonationisresponsibletoitselfalone,butthatlawsofpoliticalmoralityareuniversal;andthatobediencetosuchlawsisincumbentuponallnationswhowouldsustaintheirownsovereigntyandjustifytheirsovereignrelationshipwithothernations.
We,theJapanesepeople,pledgeournationalhonortoaccomplishthesehighidealsandpurposeswithallourresources.
CHAPTERI:
THEEMPEROR
Article1:
TheEmperorshallbethesymboloftheStateandtheunityofthepeople,derivinghispositionfromthewillofthepeoplewithwhomresidessovereignpower.
Article2:
TheImperialThroneshallbedynasticandsucceededtoinaccordancewiththeImperialHouseLawpassedbytheDiet.
Article3:
TheadviceandapprovaloftheCabinetshallberequiredforallactsoftheEmperorinmattersofstate,andtheCabinetshallberesponsibletherefor.
Article4:
TheEmperorshallperformonlysuchactsinmattersofstateasareprovidedforinthisConstitutionandheshallnothavepowersrelatedtogovernment.
2)TheEmperormaydelegatetheperformanceofhisactsinmattersofstateasmaybeprovidedforbylaw.
Article5:
When,inaccordancewiththeImperialHouseLaw,aRegencyisestablished,theRegentshallperformhisactsinmattersofstateintheEmperor'sname.Inthiscase,paragraphoneoftheprecedingArticlewillbeapplicable.
Article6:
TheEmperorshallappointthePrimeMinisterasdesignatedbytheEmperorshallappointtheChiefJudgeoftheSupremeCourtasdesignatedbytheCabinet.
Article7:
TheEmperorshall,withtheadviceandapprovaloftheCabinet,performthefollowingactsinmattersofstateonbehalfofthepeople:
(1)Promulgationofamendmentsoftheconstitution,laws,cabinetordersandtreaties.
(2)ConvocationoftheDiet.
(3)DissolutionoftheHouseofRepresentatives.
(4)ProclamationofgeneralelectionofmembersoftheDiet.
(5)AttestationoftheappointmentanddismissalofMinistersofStateandotherofficialsasprovidedforbylaw,andoffullpowersandcredentialsofAmbassadorsandMinisters.
(6)Attestationofgeneralandspecialamnesty,commutationofpunishment,reprieve,andrestorationofrights.
(7)Awardingofhonors.
(8)Attestationofinstrumentsofratificationandotherdiplomaticdocumentsasprovidedforbylaw.
(9)Receivingforeignambassadorsandministers.
(10)Performanceofceremonialfunctions.
Article8:
Nopropertycanbegivento,orreceivedby,theImperialHouse,norcananygiftsbemadetherefrom,withouttheauthorizationoftheDiet.
CHAPTERII:
RENUNCIATIONOFWAR
Article9:
Aspiringsincerelytoaninternationalpeacebasedonjusticeandorder,theJapanesepeopleforeverrenouncewarasasovereignrightofthenationandthethreatoruseofforceasmeansofsettlinginternationaldisputes.
Inordertoaccomplishtheaimoftheprecedingparagraph,land,sea,andairforces,aswellasotherwarpotential,willneverbemaintained.Therightofbelligerencyofthestatewillnotberecognized.
CHAPTERIII:
RIGHTSANDDUTIESOFTHEPEOPLE
Article10:
TheconditionsnecessaryforbeingaJapanesenationalshallbedeterminedbylaw.
Article11:
Thepeopleshallnotbepreventedfromenjoyinganyofthefundamentalhumanrights.ThesefundamentalhumanrightsguaranteedtothepeoplebythisConstitutionshallbeconferreduponthepeopleofthisandfuturegenerationsaseternalandinviolaterights.
Article12:
ThefreedomsandrightsguaranteedtothepeoplebythisConstitutionshallbemaintainedbytheconstantendeavorofthepeople,whoshallrefrainfromanyabuseofthesefreedomsandrightsandshallalwaysberesponsibleforutilizingthemforthepublicwelfare.
Article13:
Allofthepeopleshallberespectedasindividuals.Theirrighttolife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappinessshall,totheextentthatitdoesnotinterferewiththepublicwelfare,bethesupremeconsiderationinlegislationandinothergovernmentalaffairs.
Article14:
Allofthepeopleareequalunderthelawandthereshallbenodiscriminationinpolitical,economicorsocialrelationsbecauseofrace,creed,sex,socialstatusorfamilyorigin.
2)Peersandpeerageshallnotberecognized.
3)Noprivilegeshallaccompanyanyawardofhonor,decorationoranydistinction,norshallanysuchawardbevalidbeyondthelifetimeoftheindividualwhonowholdsorhereaftermayreceiveit.
Article15:
Thepeoplehavetheinalienablerighttochoosetheirpublicofficialsandtodismissthem.
2)Allpublicofficialsareservantsofthewholecommunityandnotofanygroupthereof.
3)Universaladultsuffrageisguaranteedwithregardtotheelectionofpublicofficials.
4)Inallelections,secrecyoftheballotshallnotbeviolated.Avotershallnotbeanswerable,publiclyorprivately,forthechoicehehasmade.
Article16:
Everypersonshallhavetherightofpeacefulpetitionfortheredressofdamage,fortheremovalofpublicofficials,fortheenactment,repealoramendmentoflaws,ordinancesorregulationsandforothermatters;norshallanypersonbeinanywaydiscriminatedagainstforsponsoringsuchapetition.
Article17:
EverypersonmaysueforredressasprovidedbylawfromtheStateorapublicentity,incasehehassuffereddamagethroughillegalactofanypublicofficial.
Article18:
Nopersonshallbeheldinbondageofanykind.Involuntaryservitude,exceptaspunishmentforcrime,isprohibited.
Article19:
Freedomofthoughtandconscienceshallnotbeviolated.
Article20:
Freedomofreligionisguaranteedtoall.NoreligiousorganizationshallreceiveanyprivilegesfromtheState,norexerciseanypoliticalauthority.
2)Nopersonshallbecompelledtotakepartinanyreligiousacts,celebration,riteorpractice.
3)TheStateanditsorgansshallrefrainfromreligiouseducationoranyotherreligiousactivity.
Article21:
Freedomofassemblyandassociationaswellasspeech,pressandallotherformsofexpressionareguaranteed.
2)Nocensorshipshallbemaintained,norshallthesecrecyofanymeansofcommunicationbeviolated.
Article22:
Everypersonshallhavefreedomtochooseandchangehisresidenceandtochoosehisoccupationtotheextentthatitdoesnotinterferewiththepublicwelfare.
2)Freedomofallpersonstomovetoaforeigncountryandtodivestthemselvesoftheirnationalityshallbeinviolate.
Article23:
Academicfreedomisguaranteed.
Article24:
Marriageshallbebasedonlyonthemutualconsentofbothsexesanditshallbemaintainedthroughmutualcooperationwiththeequalrightsofhusbandandwifeasabasis.
2)Withregardtochoiceofspouse,propertyrights,inheritance,choiceofdomicile,divorceandothermatterspertainingtomarriageandthefamily,lawsshallbeenactedfromthestandpointofindividualdignityandtheessentialequalityofthesexes.
Article25:
Allpeopleshallhavetherighttomaintaintheminimumstandardsofwholesomeandculturedliving.
2)Inallspheresoflife,theStateshalluseitsendeavorsforthepromotionandextensionofsocialwelfareandsecurity,andofpublichealth.
Article26:
Allpeopleshallhavetherighttoreceiveanequaleducationcorrespondenttotheirability,asprovidedforbylaw.
2)Allpeopleshallbeobligatedtohaveallboysandgirlsundertheirprotectionreceiveordinaryeducationasprovidedforbylaw.Suchcompulsoryeducationshallbefree.
Article27:
Allpeopleshallhavetherightandtheobligationtowork.
2)Standardsforwages,hours,restandotherworkingconditionsshallbefixedbylaw.
3)Childrenshallnotbeexploited.
Article28:
Therightofworkerstoorganizeandtobargainandactcollectivelyisguaranteed.
Article29:
Therighttoownortoholdpropertyisinviolable.
2)Propertyrightsshallbedefinedbylaw,inconformitywiththepublicwelfare.
3)Privatepropertymaybetakenforpublicuseuponjustcompensationtherefor.
Article30:
Thepeopleshallbeliabl
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