可持续城市排水系统外文文献翻译.docx
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可持续城市排水系统外文文献翻译.docx
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可持续城市排水系统外文文献翻译
可持续城市排水系统外文翻译2020
英文
Policiesforsustainabledrainagesystemsinurbancontextswithinperformance-basedplanningapproaches
VivianaPappalardo,DanieleLaRosa
Abstract
Inthecontextofincreasedurbanpluvialfloodingriskassociatedwithclimatechangesandurbanizationprocessesthereisarisingdemandforashiftfromstorm-watermanagementapproachesthatrelyonconventionalsystems,tothoseaimedatmitigatingtheeco-hydrologicalimpactsofurbandevelopmentbytheuseofSustainableUrbanDrainageSystems(SUDS).
Currentplanningapproachesandpoliciesshouldeffectivelydealwithenvironmentalchallenges,especiallywhenlookingatthesustainablestorm-watermanagement.
PoliciesforSUDScanfindafertilegroundinperformance-basedplanningwhichaimsatachievingasetofplanningobjectiveswithoutimposingspecificbindingindications,butallowingforflexiblesolutions.Startingfromtheidentificationofasetof“performance-basedcriteria”,thispaperdiscussesdifferentapproachesconcerningtheadoptionofSUDSincitiesbyexaminingvariouspolicytools.Exemplifyingcasesofthesepoliciesapplicationacrossinternationalcitiesarereviewedtoevaluatetheirprevalentperformance-basedcharacter.Theintroducedcriteriaarealsousedtoanalysecriticalities,challengesandgeneralimplicationsabouttheimplementationofthedifferentkindofpoliciesinnewandexistingurbandevelopments.Resultssuggestthatpoliciescannotbeconsideredpurelyperformance-basedbutratherhaveahybridcharacterandcanbeimplementedalsoundermainlyconformativeplanningsystems.
Keywords:
Urbanpluvialfloodingrisk,Sustainableurbandrainagesystems,Performance-basedplanning,Urbanpolicies
Storm-watermanagementthroughsustainableurbandrainagesystemsandthetheoryonplanningsystems
(Urban)Pluvialfloodingriskisanintrinsicallyanthropogenicconceptasitisidentifiedinimpactsanddamagescausedonurbanareas(communities,environmentandeconomics)andbecauseitsunderstandingisstrictlyrelatedtotheindividuals’perception(O’Neill,Brereton,Shahumyan,&Clinch,2016).Theawarenessoftheunlikelihoodofanyfloodriskbeingpreventedisthebaseoftherecentshiftinfloodriskmanagement(Schelfautetal.,2011).
Strategiesunderpinningamoresustainablestorm-watermanagementmayincludevariousstructuralandnon-structuralmeasures(Dawsonetal.,2011),suchasthecontrolofrunoffvolumesandpeaks,theincreaseofdrainagesystemscapacity,newbuildingregulations(Gourbesville,2012),andspatialdesignapproachesbasedonnature-basedsolutions.Inordertominimizethehydrologicalimpactsofurbandevelopmentonthesurroundingenvironmentthroughwaterflowregulation,theadoptionofSustainableurbanDrainageSystems(SUDS)ascomponentsofgreeninfrastructureinurbancontexts(Pappalardo,LaRosa,Campisano,&LaGreca,2017)isincreasinglybeingrecommendedbothatthestrategicplanninglevelandatthepracticestage(Fletcheretal.,2015; Lloyd,Wong,&Chesterfield,2002).SUDSareindeedconsideredasnature-baseddrainagefeaturesoftheurbangreeninfrastructure,specificallydevotedtostorm-watermanagement(Fletcheretal.,2015; Jayasooriya&Ng,2014; Massoudiehetal.,2017).
Unlikeconventionalandmono-functionalengineeredmeasures,SUDSmeasurescouldbecomeanadditionalplanningtoolfordesigningmoreresilienturbansystemsandreassessingtherelationshipbetweenthebuiltandnot-builtcomponentsoftheurbanenvironment(Lennon,Scott,&O’Neill,2014).Theprovisionofrunoffmitigationagainstpluvialflooding,aswellasthebetterprotectionofhydrologicaldimensionoflandscapeisachievedthroughinfiltration,retentionandevapotranspiration(Pappalardo,2017),whichareprovidedbysolutionssuchasgreenroofs,permeablepavements,raingardens,infiltrationtrenchesandconstructedwetlands.Accordingly,thecapacityoftheurbansystemtomanagewaterflowsisenhancedalongwiththeintegrationofthesenature-baseddrainagesystems,thusstrengtheningtheoverallperformanceoftheurbansettlement.
Wheneverthedesirablelevelofenvironmentalqualitydoesnotcorrespondtothecurrentlevel,theneedfornewpublicpolicyarises(Field&Field,2009).Thepublicconcernof(urban)pluvialfloodingriskisbasedontheperceptionoftheactualhazard,vulnerabilityandexposureofanurbanareaandontheconsensusonthefutureacceptablelevelofriskanddamage,whichissensitivetotheuncertaintyduetoclimatechangeandurbanizationprocesses.Urbandesignandpolicyresponsesarecentredontheneedtopursueadaptiveand/ormitigationoptions(White,2010)andshouldbetterintegratewaterandfloodmanagementinurbanplanning.Accordingly,currentavailableplanningapproachesandpoliciesarerequiredtoeffectivelymanagetherapidchangesimposedbyenvironmental,climateandsocio-economicdynamics,andtodrivetransformationprocessesbyshapingequitable,healthful,andattractiveenvironments(LaRosa,Takatori,Shimizu,&Privitera,2018).
Worldwide,planningapproachesarebasedonplanningsystemsandcultureswhichdifferintypologiesduetoinstitutionalcontexts,historicalandculturalreasons,legalandadministrativesystems(Nadin&Stead,2008; Rivolin,2008).Abroadconceptualizationoftheplanningsystems’naturedistinguishestwobasicmodels,“conformative”and“performative”(Baker,Sipe,&Wypych,2005; Frew,Baker,&Donehue,2016; Rivolin,2008).
Planningsystemsarenormallybasedontheidealassumptionthattheimplementationofanyplanrepresentsthespatialtranslationofacollectivestrategyandlongterm-decisions.IftheimplementationofthePlanistheresultofasetofmandatorydecisions,thetraditionalzoningwoulddisplayspatialrulesaccordingtoa“top-down”approach.Underaconformativeapproach,aprojectislegitimatedtobedevelopedbecauseitconformswiththeplan.Underaperformativeapproachaprojectwouldpassthroughtheapprovalstageonlyafterhavingprovedtobecapabletoperformtheagreedcollectivestrategy(Rivolin,2008).Thebasicassumptionoftheperformativeapproachisthattheplanisthereferenceframeworkfortheregulationoflanduses,whoseimplementationdependsontheapprovalofprojectsconditionedbyresult-basedmeasurement.Suchanapproachcouldbeusedbothattheoperationalandstrategiclevelinordertoattainthedesiredoutcomesandsotoperformtheagreedcollectivestrategy(Bakeretal.,2005; Rivolin,2008).
Theanalysisofthetwoplanningapproachesisnotmuchinvestigatedinliteratureandcontrastingargumentsaregivenonhowtoavoidinconsistenciesbetweenplansandimplementedprojects.Someauthorsconsiderthestaticconformativeplanningasapowerfultoolfordirectlandusecontrol(Frewetal.,2016).Othersstressthatimprovedenvironmentalmanagementandprotectioncouldbemoreproperlyachievedwiththeuseofstandardsthatsetacceptableenvironmentalperformanceandallowtorespondflexiblytothechangingconditionsoftheurbanenvironment(Frewetal.,2016; Ottensmann,2005; Roughan,2016).Legitimizingplannedspatialdevelopmentsonthecompliancewiththeplanmightavoidinconsistenciesbetweenprojectsandplan’sstrategiesonlyintheory.Atthesametime,allowingthespatialdevelopmentsthatprovetoperformplan’sstrategiesmighteffectivelyalignproject’soutcomeswithsite-specificgoalsincludedintheplan.
Instead,argumentsconvergeonthebasicneedforplanningschemestoadoptindicationsandbenchmarksforpostimplementationperformanceevaluation.Thispointisnotsolelyafeatureofperformance-basedplanningsystemsbutofplanningmoregenerally(Frewetal.,2016),consideringtheexistinglackofperformanceevaluationinpracticeandtheacknowledgedimportanceofplans’outcomesassessment(Kramer,2014; Laurianetal.,2010).
Performance-BasedPlanning(PBP)doesnotdenoteanapproachtrulynovelwhilstthe“conformative”oneishowevermorepredominantworldwide.MorewidespreadinNorthAmerica,UKandCommonwealthregionsofAustraliaandNewZealand(Frewetal.,2016),PBPisyetincreasinglytestedacrossEuropeandconsideredasapossiblewaytosolvethetensionbetweentheintentofmaximizingflexibilityandthedesireoflocalgovernmentsforlandusecontrol(Frew,2011; Laurianetal.,2010).
ThekeytotheconsistentandsuccessfulconsiderationofSUDSforallsitesundergoinganyurbantransformationistheinclusionofasustainabledrainagepolicywithinnational,regionalandlocalplanning(Woods-Ballardetal.,2015).ParticularlyatthelocallevelandwhendealingwithspecificSUDSprojects,thedesignaspectofSUDSisthecrucialpointtoindirectlyencouragingordirectlyprescribingtheuseofgreeninfrastructureattheneighbourhoodorparcellevel.
Thisstudymovesfromtheperformance-basedplanningtheoryonlanduseandproposessomepossibleinterpretationsintourbanpoliciesonsustainablestorm-watermanagement.
Theaimsofthisarticlearethreefold:
first,tolookattheongoingstateoflocalpolicysupportingstorm-watermanagementandgreeninfrastructure(focusingonSUDS)implementationinurbanareas;second,toproposesomekeycriteriatorecognizetheperformance-basedcharacterofexistingpolicytools,referringtosomeexamplesimplementedaccordingtodifferentcontextsandplanningsystems;third,toidentifyweaknessesandstrengthsofpoliciesbasedonperformance-basedapproachesandtodiscussbarrierstoSUDS’implementationinurbanplanningprocesses.
PolicyapproachesforSUDSimplementation
Anyefforttoincludesustainablestorm-watermanagementinurbanplanningmustbetheresultofasharedvisionthatbringspeo
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