给水处理外文文献原文+翻译.docx
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给水处理外文文献原文+翻译.docx
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给水处理外文文献原文+翻译
膜技术和环境保护中的水处理
Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protection
REN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2
(1.China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9 West Road , Beitucheng
Chaoyang District ,Beijing 100029 , China
2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Turin , Corso Duca degli
Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , Italy)
Abstract :
The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water
resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pollution is becoming
more grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has
660 cities ,360 cities of them are short of water. The situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict s and international wars. The water pollution in China is also very astonished. 77 % untreated wastewater is discharged ,and 46. 6 % river is polluted. Membrane is a clean production technology ,which could be used to
improve the quality of drink water ,treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save
the water resource. China has a lot of researchers and research institute on
membrane. The paper present s some data of Chinese membrane research and
manufacture.
Key words :
membrane water treatment environment protection
CLC number :
TQ028. 8 Document code :
A
1 Introduction
Water is a main resource for our human being ,but the problem of water is more serious than before.
China is a developing country while it s economy goes forward rapidly. However , along with the development of economy , the eco-environmental problem is
becoming worse and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage ,
environmental pollution and etc. all these are bound to have fatal impacts on the
improvement of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the central government is focusing on the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear
key importance.
Membrane separation technology is an advanced technology that
has been developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid
introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO for the first time. In 1960 ,
Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical
application , which was a symbol of the birth of membrane science and technology. China has a 40year history of research and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , electric dialysis , pervaporation membrane , liquid membrane , membrane reactor were developed , and have been put into application in the fields of energy , electronics ,petroleum , petrochemical , pharmacy , heavy industry , light industry , food and brewery industry , people’s daily life and the environmental
protection. Especially in the water treatment , the application of membrane
technology turns wider and wider , and plays an increasingly important role.
2 The state of water resource and water pollution in China
In range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve the shortage of water
and how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled in the next 30 years.
It is forecast by some experts that water , rather than oil , is going to be the main
cause of conflicts regionally even globally. There are 660 cities in China. Among them , more than 360 are short of water and 110 are in urgent situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the list of the cities that are ext remely short of water. It is estimated that the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually.
The water quality in China was deteriorated over the past few years. The
polluted river length increased every year. According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers , but the wastewater treated ratio was only 23 %. [1 ]
Water pollution has become the obstacle of economic development and social
progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties discharging
wastes into Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m ,
sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba water power
station. It causes frequent breakdown of Erjiang power station. The worst case
happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown
with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW , equal to the capacity of a small power station.
Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic development , but also endangers the existence of the people. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable.
3 State of membrane industry
China has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane. The research
on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane began in 1958[2 ] . RO membrane
began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane ,
cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric coat system in 1980s , after
polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the
development also went ahead rapidly on NF membrane , gas membrane ,
inorganic membrane , pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane.
Although the membrane industry of China is not big , it grows up very quickly.
According to the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over $1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1) . The output of solo membranewas $45 million , within which the imported value was $27 million. The industrial
output relevant to membrane was estimated $0. 17 billion and it will be $0. 3
billion this year. The imported membrane is about 70 % sales in China. The output
of locally manufactured membrane increased by 30 % annually.
In 1997 , the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about $10 billion. It is estimated that the output value will be increased to $14
billion in 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA was $1. 1 billion in 1997
and will reach $1. 6 billion in 2001 with the annual growth rate of 8. 0 %. In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was $0. 97 billion in Europe.
It is reckoned to be $1. 65 billion in 2004 with the annual growth rate of 7. 9 %.
According to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the
coming years as shown in Fig. 1.
Tab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over $1. 2 million
Fig. 1 The output increases of membrane products in USA , Europe and China
There are tens of research institutes in China , of which more than 20 are on UF and MF membrane. Meanwhile , there are two research bases on membrane. One is the aqueous membrane research institute — The Development Center of Water
Treatment Technology , SOA Hangzhou China , and the other is the gas membrane
research base —National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology ,
Dalian , China.
4 Application of membrane in water treatment
The application of membrane in water treatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process. As an advanced separation technology , it is
endowed with many advantages :
high selectivity , applicability under ambient
temperature without phase change , low cost of energy , high level of automation ,
low pollution and etc.
4. 1 Desalination of seawater and black water
RO is the most economical way for the desalination of seawater and black water. The energy consumption is less than 5 kW·h/ t for seawater or 0. 53 kW·h/ t for
black water. The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water
2. 1 ×105m3/ d , for black water is 1. 3 ×105 m3/ d. It seems that ROis the
best method to solve the problem of drinking water and industrial water in the
draught areas. It can be verified by the fact that most of the largest desalination
plant s are located in Middle East as shown in tab. 2[3 ]
.
4. 2 Purification of drinking water
Membrane is the best tool for the purification of drinking water because it can
remove the suspended substance , bacteria , toxic metallic components and organic components to improve the water quality. 90 % of the city water is productive water, only 9 % supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 % is drinking water. To
supply water separately for the resident zones is an effective way to improve the
quality of drinking water. Supplying water separately is to treat the 1 % supplied
water with membrane for special purpose. Separate supply system has been built in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang , which mainly use RO membrane.
Tab. 2 The largest five desalination plant s in the world
The world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000 m3/ d.
4. 3 Reuse of municipal domestic sewage
City sewage is an important potential water resource. Recycled water for
different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewage with membrane. It is an effectiveway to solve the shortage of water resource.
There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in Beijing , and another 4 are
under const ruction. In addition , 15 more are to be built . The sewage treat ratio will mount to 80 % in 2006. Two million tons of the treated water will flow out from these wastewater treatment factories. After treated with membrane , the water can be
reused for industrial purpose , green area and other fields. In this way , the
municipal supplied water can be reduced , and the water resource can be fully
utilized. If th
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