英美文学选读教桉以及复习要点.docx
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英美文学选读教桉以及复习要点.docx
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英美文学选读教桉以及复习要点
Lecture1WilliamShakespeare
1.Introductionofthecourse
(1)ThiscourseiscalledSelectedReadingsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature,acompulsorycourseforyou.Itwillbefinishedin12weeks.Andineachweekwe'llmeeteachothertwotimes.
(2)Inthiscourse,youwillhavetoreadsomeoriginalworkstakenfromEnglishandAmericanclassics.Itmaybealittlebitdifficultforyou.However,it'salsoachanceforyoutoknowsomegreattreasuryinworldliteratureandI'llhelpyouunderstandthem.
(3)Comparingwiththeliteraryhistorycourses,thiscoursemainlyfocusesonoriginalproductions.Thecoursebookisaniceonewithclassicalworksanddetailednotes.
(4)Forthefinaltest,10%willbedecidedbyyourattendance,20%byyourhomeworkand70%bythetestpaper.Aboutthehomework,afterwefinisheachwriter,I'llgiveyouanamelistofrecommendedworkswrittenbythewriter.Inthewholesemester,youshouldchooseatleastonepieceofEnglishwriter'sworksandonepieceofAmericanwriter'sworksrecommendedbyme.Andthenyoushouldwriteasmallpaperonthepieceofworksyouchose.Thatmeansyoushouldturnintwopapersinthewholesemester.
(5)Averyimportantsuggestion:
previewtheproductionsbeforetheclass;otherwiseit'llbeverydifficultforyoutocatchmeintheclass.
2.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
(1)HistoricalBackground
A.QueenElizabethI:
apowerfulEnglandwiththefastdevelopmentofcapitalism
B.Renaissance:
anintellectualmovementsprungfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Twofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Anotheristhehumanism,whichmeansthenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement.
C.ShakespearelivedinsuchaperiodandalsosuchaperiodmadehimthemostfamousandmostimportantEnglishwriter.
(2)Life
(Readparagraph1and2onpage1afterclass.Thesetwoparagraphsaretheintroductionofthegreatwriter'slife.)
A.Hiscompleteworksinclude37plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets.
B.Heismainlyfamousforhisgreatplays,especiallytheoutstanding"FourGreatTragedies".("Hamlet","KingLear","Othello"and"Macbeth")Heisalsotheauthorofsomeotherfamousplays,suchas"RomeoandJuliet",buttodaywe'lllearntheexcerptfromoneofhisgreatcomedies-"TheMerchantofVenice",whichwe'lltalkaboutalittlebitlater.
C.Shakespeare'ssonnetsarealsoverygood.We'llfirstintroduceSonnet18,themostfamoussonnetwrittenbyShakespeare.
(3)Sonnet18
A.Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.ItwasintroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySirThomasWyattandHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey.(ItisaverypopularpoemformandusedwidelyinEnglishliterature.IntheElizabethera,EdmundSpenserwasalsofamousforhissonnets.Andlater,JohnMilton,ByronandKeatsallcontributedexcellentsonnets.)
B.Thoughthesonnetisafixedform,buttherhymeschemeofthesonnetisnotfixed.(fewminutesforstudentstofindoutthispoem'srhymescheme.)
Answer:
ababcdcdefefgg.ThisisatypicalrhymeschemeusedbyShakespeareinallhissonnets.
C.Explainthepoemsentencebysentence.
temperate:
moderateormild;roughwinds:
strongwinds;darling:
lovely;lease:
租约;complexion:
appearance;dim:
darkenwithcloud;brag:
boast;
D.(discuss)Theme:
expressingthedeeplovetohisfriend
(4)TheMerchantofVenice
A.FamouscomedywrittenbyShakespeareinhisyouth
B.Setting:
Venice,theMiddleAge
C.Characters:
Bassanio,Antonio,Shylock,Portia(letstudentsdiscussthecharacters)
Portia:
Shakespeare'sidealwoman,beautiful,intelligent,cultured,gracious,independent,adaughterofRenaissance
Shylock:
mostsuccessfulcharacter,aJew,agreedyandmercilessusurerandalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecution(sympathy)
D.Plot:
ReadtheintroductionfromP3toP4.
E.(Discuss)Theme:
Mercywinsovermalice.
F.Theselectionisthemostfamoussceneofthewholeplayandalsotheclimaxoftheplay.(Askstudentstoreaditthoroughlyaftertheclass.)Intheclass,we'lllearnashortparttakenfromthescene.(P10toP11,thefamousstatementaboutmercymadebyPortia)
G.(thelastbutnotleast)formoftheplay:
versedramawritteninblankversemostly
blankverse:
unrhymediambicpentameter.SoonafterblankversewasintroducedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurreyinhistranslationofVirgil'sworks,itbecamethestandardmeterforElizabethanandlaterpoeticdramasandsomepoets,suchasJohnMilton,alsoemployedthisformtowritetheirlongpoems.
(5)RecommendedReading
Sonnet29;Sonnet73;Sonnet116;Fourgreattragedies;RomeoandJuliet;AMidsummerNight'sDream
3.Homework
1.PreviewthenextchapteraboutJohnMilton.
2.Findouttheformandrhymeschemeofthepoem"ToCyriackSkinner"onP23.
Lecture2JohnMilton(160801674)
(ComparingwithWilliamShakespeare,fewpeoplereadhisgreatproductionstoday.However,heisalsoaclassicalwriterinEnglishLiterature.)
1.HistoricalBackground
(Discussion:
AnyimportanteventhappenedduringMilton'slifetimeinBritain)
EnglishBourgeoisRevolution
TheconflictsbetweenKing(JamesIandthenCharlesI)andtheParliament
Profoundconflicts:
theOldFeudalismandNewCapitalism
Inreligion:
TheAnglicanChurchandthePuritan
Theconsequenceofthosecontradictions:
theCivilWar(1642-1649)
TheKingwasexecutedin1649andmonarchywasabolished.
OliverCromwell'sdictatorship(1649-1660)
TheRestoration:
CharlesIIandthenJamesII
GloriousRevolution(1688)
2.Life
borninarichandculturedfamily-handsomeandhardworking-graduatedfromCambridgeUniversityandgotmasterdegree-sixyears'privatestudyandthemostknowledgeablepoetinBritain-writingpamphletsfortheCommonwealth-blindin1652-arrestedandfinedafterrestoration-producedthreegreatpoemsinplainlife
Mostimportantworks-threegreatpoems:
ParadiseLost(1667);ParadiseRegained(1671);SamsonAgonistes(1671)(poeticdrama)
Besidesthreegreatpoemsinhislateyears,healsowrotesomeexcellentsonnetsincludingtheonewe'lllearntoday.
3.ToCyriackSkinner
(Askthequestionsofhomework)(Answer:
Sonnet;abbaabbacdcdcd)
(1)Form:
Sonnet
(2)Rhymescheme:
abbaabbacdcdcd(differentwithWilliamShakespeare'ssonnets)
(3)Explainthepoemsentencebysentence
(4)(Discussion)Theme:
theauthor'spositiveattitudetowardshisblindness(anothersonnetonblindnessseemsmorediscouraged.)
4.ParadiseLost(《失乐园》)
(1)Milton'smasterpiece;greatestepicwrittenintheEnglishlanguage
*epic(史诗):
itisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.Noticethedifferencesbetweentraditionalepicsandliteraryepics.ParadiseLostisaliteraryepic.
(2)It'salongepicincluding12books.TheplotistakenfromtheOldTestamentofHolyBible.
*HolyBible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典,分为《旧约》(TheOldTestament)和《新约》(TheNewTestament)两部分,这两部分写于不同的时期,而且使用的文字不同,《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成,《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文,然后是拉丁文,在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪,但各种版本都不算通行,直到MartinLuther宗教改革之后,1611年出现的AuthorizedVersion至今通行,对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版.
Plot:
(paragraphtwoonP24)revoltofSatanandsomeotherangels0theirdefeatandthrowingintotheHell0temptationofAdamandEve0expulsionofAdamandEve
(3)Theme:
"tojustifythewaysofGodtoman"(submissiontotheAlmighty)(Discussion:
Isthistherealthemeofthepoem)
Realtheme:
praisingtherebelliousspiritsagainstthedespot
(4)Characterization
God:
thedespot,selfish,cruelandunjust(KingofBritain)
Satan:
realhero,daretorevoltagainstthedespot,perseveringbutnotdiscouragedafterthefailure(RepublicansincludingMilton)
(MiltonisapiousChristian.Thisepicistheproductionoftheconflictsbetweenhisreligiousbeliefandpoliticalbelief.)
(5)(P26LearnashortexcerptfromParadiseLost)Form:
blankverse
(6)Explaintheexcerptsentencebysentence.
(7)(DoyouthinkJohnMilton'sworksdifficult)Miltonicstyle:
toexpressthesublimityofthought,sonority,eloquence,majestyandgrandeurstyle
(LatinwordsandLatinsentencestructure,inversion,archaism,longsentenceandmostlyformalwords,thusthestyleformedandhisEnglishratherdifficult)
5.RecommendedReading
JohnMilton'stwosonnets:
Onhisblindness;Onhisdeceasedwife
6.Homework
PreviewthenextchapterincludingthelifeofDanielDefoe,theintroductionofRobinsonCrusoeandtheexcerptChapterVIIIfromP33toP37.
Lecture3DanielDefoe(166001731)
(HeisaveryfamousnovelistaroundtheworldbecauseofhispopularnovelRobinsonCrusoe.)
1.HistoricalBackground
(1)Comparingwiththe17thcentury,the18thcenturyisaperiodforpeacefuldevelopment.
(2)Theconstitutionalmonarchyhasbeensetupbyparliamentin1688.AftertheGloriousRevolution,themonarchwasdeprivedofrulingpowerandinhisplaceParliamentbecametheactualleaderofthecountry.TheToryandtheWhig,astwomajorpartiesinEngland,competedwitheachotherinpolitics.(Discussion:
WhatdoyouknowabouttheWhigandtheTory)
*辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党.1679年,当议会讨论詹姆士公爵(即后来的詹姆士二世)是否有权继承英国王位时,议员们展开了激烈争论.赞成的人被对方称为"托利",反对的人则被对方称为"辉格".渐渐地,双方各自都以此自称.后来,双方的观点都发生了变化,辉格党对君主不再持完全的否定态度,因为"光荣革命"后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制;托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君主制的立场,因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败.久而久之,国王发现,无论是辉格党还是托利党,当其中一个在议会中占多数时,就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣,内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾.18世纪上半期,辉格党在政治上占优势,是议会多数党,故此,辉格党执政近半个世纪.18世纪后半期
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