信息系统外文文献翻译.docx
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信息系统外文文献翻译.docx
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信息系统外文文献翻译
引言
如今的世界,已经是步入了信息化的时代,特别是互联网的迅猛发展,带动了信息进入我们生活的各个领域,也使得信息化建设成为各行业、各领域增强自身管理效率和核心竞争力的重要手段。
出版业作为我国社会主义文化产业的一部分,在信息化建设方面相对于其他领域,有成绩是肯定的,但仍然显得滞后,建设水平不够高,离市场需求还有一定距离,还有很大的发展潜力,在我国信息化建设中应该发挥更大的作用。
同时要充分利用先进的电子信息技术改造出版业,来加快出版业信息化建设的步伐。
出版社信息化建设是用一种全新的、先进的管理理念,一种全新的机制,一种全新的企业文化来改变以前的管理模式,是一种管理模式的变革。
它充分利用信息技术与出版社管理模式的结合,来推动管理水平的提升。
面对日益激烈的竞争,出版社必须转变思路,确立全新的经营理念,确立以读者需求为中心,提供专业化的一流服务。
信息化建设更是一场管理体制的革命,它要用先进的思想模式和技术手段改变以前的管理模式,用数字化、规范化、程序化、标准化来进行管理,用量化的指标支持奖惩与分配政策,体现激励机制。
通过这场改革和革命,最终实现出版社的办公自动化、管理网络化、资源数字化、商务电子化。
而在整个的出版过程中,编务管理是出版行业信息管理系统的重要部分,它将编务人员及图书管理人员从繁重的事务性工作中解放出来,并使管理工作更透明、更科学,此次的系统如果有了良好的分析与设计,不但对编务管理,而且对整个出版行业的管理信息系统的建设都具有十分重要的意义。
本文将以北京科学技术出版社为例,为出版企业编务管理部门的信息化建设提出一个可行性方案,为将来的出版社进行信息化建设打下良好的基础。
附录1外文翻译(原文)
SystemsAnalysisandDesign
Workingundercontrolofastoredprogram,acomputerprocessesdataintoinformation.Thinkaboutthatdefinitionforaminute.Anygivencomputerapplicationinvolvesatleastthreecomponents:
hardware,software,anddata.Merelywritingaprogramisn'tenough;becausetheprogramisbutonecomponentinasystem.
Asystemisagroupofcomponentsthatworktogethertoaccomplishanobjective.Forexample,considerapayrollsystem.Itsobjectiveispayingemployees.Whatcomponentsareinvolved?
Eachday,employeesrecordtheirhoursworkedontimecards.Attheendofeachweek,thetimecardsarecollectedanddeliveredtothecomputercenter,wheretheyarereadintoapayrollprogram.Asitruns,theprogramaccessesdatafiles.Finally,thepaychecksareprintedanddistributed.Forthesystemtowork,people,procedures,inputandoutputmedia,files,hardware,andsoftwaremustbecarefullycoordinated.Notethattheprogramisbutonecomponentinasystem.
Computer-basedsystemsaredevelopedbecausepeopleneedinformation.Thosepeople,calledusers,generallyknowwhatisrequired,butmaylacktheexpertisetoobtainit.Technicalprofessionals,suchasprogrammers,havetheexpertise,butmaylacktrainingintheuser'sfield.Tocomplicatematters,usersandprogrammersoftenseemtospeakdifferentlanguages,leadingtocommunicationproblems.Asystemsanalystisaprofessionalwhotranslatesuserneedsintotechnicalterms,thusservingasabridgebetweenusersandtechnicalprofessionals.
Likeanengineeroranarchitect,asystemsanalystsolvesproblemsbycombiningsolidtechnicalskillswithinsight,imagination,andatouchofart.Generally,theanalystfollowsawell-defined,methodicalprocessthatincludesatleastthefollowingsteps;
1.Problemdefinition
2.Analysis
3.Design
4.Implementation
5.Maintenance
Attheendofeachstep,resultsaredocumentedandsharedwithboththeuserandtheprogrammers.Theideaistocatchandcorrecterrorsandmisunderstandingsasearlyaspossible.Perhapsthebestwaytoillustratetheprocessisthroughexample.
Pictureasmallclothingstorethatpurchasesmerchandiseatwholesale,displaysthisstock,andsellsittocustomersatretail.Ontheonehand,toomuchstockrepresentsanunnecessaryexpense.Ontheotherhand,apoorselectiondiscouragesshoppers.Ideally,abalancecanbeachieved:
enough,butnottoomuch.
Complicatingmattersisthefactthatinventoryisconstantlychanging,withcustomerpurchasesdepletingstock,andreturnsandreordersaddingtoit.[1]Theownerwouldliketotrackinventorylevelsandreorderandgivenitemjustbeforethestorerunsout.Forasingleitem,thetaskiseasy-justcountthestock-on-hand.Unfortunately,thestorehashundredsofdifferentitems,andkeepingtrackofeachoneisimpractical.Perhapsacomputermighthelp.
2-1ProblemDefinition
Thefirststepinthesystemsanalysisanddesignprocessisproblemdefinition.Theanalyst'sobjectiveisdeterminingwhattheuser(inthiscase,thestore'sowner)needs.Notethat,astheprocessbegins,theuserpossessesthecriticalinformation,andtheanalystmustlistenandlearn.Fewusersaretechnicalexperts.Mostseethecomputerasa"magicbox,"andarenotconcernedwithhowitworks.Atthisstage,theanalysthasnobusinesseventhinkingaboutprograms,files,andcomputerhardware,butmustcommunicatewiththeuseronhisorherownterm.
Theideaistoensurethatboththeuserandtheanalystarethinkingaboutthesamething-Thus,aclear,writtenstatementexpressingtheanalyst'sunderstandingoftheproblemisessential.Theusershouldreviewandcorrectthiswrittenstatement.Thetimetocatchmisunderstandingsandoversightsisnow,beforetime,moneyandeffortarewasted.
Often,followingapreliminaryproblemdefinition,theanalystperformsafeasibilitystudy.Thestudyabriefcapsuleversionoftheentiresystemsanalysisanddesignprocess,attemptstoanswerthreequestions:
1.Cantheproblembesolved?
2.Canitbesalvedintheuser'senvironment?
3.Canitbesolvedatareasonablecost?
Iftheanswertoanyoneofthesequestionsisno,thesystemshouldnotbedeveloped.Givenagoodproblemdefinitionandapositivefeasibilitystudy,theanalystcanturntoplanninganddevelopingaproblemsolution.
2-2Analysis
Asanalysisbegins,theanalystunderstandstheproblem.Thenextstepisdeterminingwhatmustbedonetosolveit.Theuserknowswhatmustbedone1duringanalysis;thisknowledgeisextractedandformallydocumented.Mostusersthinkintermsofthefunctionstobeperformedandthedataelementstobemanipulated.Theobjectiveistoidentifyandlinkthesekeyfunctionsanddataelements,yieldingalogicalsystemdesign.
Startwiththesystem'sbasicfunctions.Thekeyiskeepingtrackofthestock-on-handforeachproductininventory.Inventorychangesbecausecustomerspurchase,exchange,andreturnproducts,sothesystemwillhavetoprocesscustomertransactions.Thestore'sownerwantstoselectivelylookattheinventorylevelforanyproductinshortsupplyand,ifappropriate,orderreplacementstock,sothesystemmustbeabletocommunicatewithmanagement.Finally,followingmanagementauthorization,thesystemshouldgenerateareorderreadytosendtoasupplier.
Fig1
Giventhesystem'sbasicfunctions,theanalyst'snexttaskisgainingasenseoftheirlogicalrelationship.Agoodwaytostartisbydescribinghowdataflowbetweenthefunctions.Asthenameimplies,dataflowdiagramsareparticularlyusefulforgraphicallydescribingthesedataflows.Foursymbolsareused(Fig.1).Datasourcesanddestinationsarerepresentedbysquares;inputdataenterthesystemfromasource,andoutputdataflowtoadestination.Onceinthesystem,thedataaremanipulatedorchangebyprocesses,representedbyround-cornerrectangles.Aprocessmightbeaprogram,aprocedure,oranythingelsethatchangesormovesdata.Datacanbeheldforlaterprocessingindatastores,symbolizedbyopen-endedrectangles.Adatastoremightbeadiskfile,atapefile,adatabase,writtennotes,orevenaperson'smemory.Finally,dataflowbetweensources,destinations,processes,enddatastoresoverdataflows,whicharerepresentedbyarrows.
Fig2
Figure2showsapreliminarydataflowdiagramfortheinventorysystem.StartwithCUSTOMER.Transactionsflowfromacustomerfintothesystem,wheretheyarehandledbyProcesstransaction.Adatastore,STOCK,holdsdataoneachitemininventory.Processtransactionchangesthedatatoreflectthenewtransaction.Meanwhile,MANAGEMENTaccessesthesystemthroughCommunicate,evaluatingthedatainSTOCKand,ifnecessary,requestingareorder.Once,areorderisauthorized.GeneratereordersendsnecessarydatatotheSUPPLIER,whoshipstheitemstothestore.Notethat,becausethereorderrepresentsachangeintheinventorylevelofaparticularproductorproductsitishandledasatransaction.
Thedataflowdiagramdescribesthelogicalsystem.Thenextstepistracingthedataflows.StartwiththedestinationSUPPLIER.Reordersflowtosuppliers;forexample,thestoremightwant25pairsofjeans.Tofilltheorder,thesupplierneedstheproductdescriptionandthereorderquantity.Wheredothesedataelementscomefrom?
SincetheyareoutputbyGeneratereorder,theymusteitherbeInputtoorgeneratedbythisprocess.DataflowintoGeneratereorderforSTOCK;thus,productdescriptionsandreorderquantitiesmustbestoredinSTOCK.
Otherdataelements,suchastheitempurchasedandthepurchasequantityaregeneratedbyCUSTOMER.Stillothers,forexamplesellingpriceandreorderpoint,aregeneratedbyorneededbyMANAGEMENT.Thecurrentstock-on-handforagivenitemisanexampleofadataelementgeneratedbyanalgorithminoneoftheprocedures.Stepbystep,methodically,theanalystidentifiesthedataelementstobeinputto.storedby,manipulatedby,generatedby,oroutputbythesystem.
Tokeeptrackofthedataelements,theanalystmightlisteachoneinadatadictionary.Asimpledatadictionarycanbesetuponindexcards,butcomputerizeddatadictionarieshavebecomeincreasinglypopular.Thedatadictionary,acollectionofdatadescribinganddefiningthedata,isusefulthroughoutthesystemsanalysisanddesignprocess,andisoftenusedtobuildadatabaseduringtheimplementationstage.
Theideaofanalysisistodefinethesystem'smajorfunctionsanddataelementsmethodically.Rememberthattheobjectiveistranslatinguserneedsintotechnicalterms.Sincethesystemstartswiththeuser,thefirststepisdefiningtheuser'sneeds.Usersthinkintermsoffunctionsanddata.Theydonotvisualizeprograms,orfiles,orhardware.andduringthisinitial,crucialanalysisstageitisessentialthattheanalystthinklikeauser,notlikeaprogrammer.
Dataflowdiagramsanddatadictionariesareusefultools.Theyprovideaformatforrecordingkeyinformationaboutthepropose
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