英语词汇学复习题word精品.docx

英语词汇学复习题word精品.docx

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英语词汇学复习题word精品

Keytochapter1

1.Whatisaword?

1.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsinalanguage.Inotherwords,vocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.

3.Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.

Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheircollectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:

/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/sh/t（树）torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguages,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeanings,e.g./rait/canmeanright,rite,andwrite.

4.Enumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofenglishwords

Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.⑴TherearemorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme.⑵）Thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling.⑶）Influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingofwordsand⑷）borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.

5.Giveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonenglishspelling

Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.

6.Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock

WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakersdailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.

7.choosethestandardmeaningformfromthelistontherighttomatcheachoftheslangwordsontheleft

Atartloosewomanb.blokefellow

c.gatpistold.swellgreat

e.chickencoward

F.bluefight

g.smokypolice

hfulldrunk

i.damewomanj.beavergirl

8.giventhemodern

equivalentsforthefollowing

archaicwords

haply=perhaps

albeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstome

eke=also

bade=bid

smooth=truthmorn=morningtroth=pledgeere=beforequoth=saidhallowed=holybillow=wave/thesea

9.Explainneologismswithexamples

Neologismsrefertonewly-coinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro（欧元）,e-book（电子书）,SARS（非典）,

netizen（网民）,arenewly-coinedwords.Wordslikemouse（鼠标）,web（网络）,spaceshuttle（航天飞机）etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.

10.Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweencontentandfunctionalwords

Bynotion,wordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichhaveclearnotions;whereasfunctionalwordsarevoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshavemuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.

11.Howdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinenglishinrelationtoloanwords?

NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers'dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.

12.Categorizethefollowingborrowedwordsintodenizens,alienstranslationloansandsemanticloans

Denizens

Aliens

Translationloans

Semanticloans

kettle

confrere

chopsticks

dream

die

propatria

blackhumour

skirt

parvenu

longtimenosee

wall

Wunderkind

typhoon

husband

Mikado

Keytochapter2

1.WhyshouldstudentsofenglishlexicologystudytheIn-Europeanlanguagefamily?

TheIndo-EuropeLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.Itismadeupofthelanguagesof

Europe,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.

2.makeatreediagramtoshowthefamilyrelationsofthemodernlanguagegivenbelow

Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

Balto-Slavic

Indo-I

ranian

Celtic

Italic

Hellenic

Germanic

Lithuanian

Hin

di

Breton

Spanish

Greek

English

Prussian

Perian

Scottish

French

Swedish

Polish

Irish

Italian

German

Slavenian

Portuguese

Icelangic

Russian

Bulgarian

Roumanian

Danish

Dutch

3.Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthevocabulariesofthe3periodsofdevelopment?

Doyouthinkwecandivig

Defendyourargument.

thehistoricaldevelopmentinotherways?

Thevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanther.OldEnglishhas

（1）asmallvocabulary（50000—60000）,⑵,hallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand（3）thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas

（1）acomparativelylargevocabulary,

（2）atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand（3）wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas

（1）

4hugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,

（2）tremendousborrowingsand（3）wordswithlostendings.

Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentsinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddle

Englishmightstartfrom1066,thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationoftheethreephasesoftheoriginal

divisionislost.

4.whatcharacteristicsofenglishmaketheenglishlanguageheterogeneous

itisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossibleforEnglishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajor

languagesoftheworld,sothattheEnglishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.

5.Accountforthepopularityofenglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective・

ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsand

newdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixed

contentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatweleftaremostly

wordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.

course

human

events

necessary

people

dissolve

political

connected

assume

powers

separate

equal

station

nature

entitle

decent

respect

opinions

requires

declare

causes

impel

separation

6

Fromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthe

functionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.

7.Giveabriefaccountofthe4phasesofLatinborrowingwith2or3examplesforeachperiod・

Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:

（1）Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,

（2）OldEnglishperiod,（3）middleEnglishperiodand（4）

ModernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;Wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandintheforthperiodWordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.

8.tellthedifferenceelementsthatmakeupthefollowinghybrids.

eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+LatinFalsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]

Saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]Josshouse[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]

9.putthefollowingFrenchloanwordinto2groups,onebeingearlyborrowingsandtheotherlateones.

amateur（late）finace（late）Empire（late）peace（early）Courage（early）garage（late）Judgement（early）chair（early）

Chaise（late）grace（early）Servant（early）routine（late）Jealous（early）savate（late）Genre（late）gender（early）

Debut（late）morale（late）State（early）chez（late）Ballet（late）

10.CommentonJespersen'sremarkonScandinavianelementinenglish"AnenglishmancannotthriveorbeillordiewithoutScandinavianwords,theyaretothelanguagewhatbreadandeggsaretothedailyfare.

Jespersen'scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsingish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.

11.MatchtheItalianmusicaltermswiththeproperdefinitions

allegrof.轻快Altoi.女低音Andantej行板Crescendob.渐强Diminuendog.渐弱Fortee.强

Largod.缓慢Pianoh.轻Pianofortea.轻转慢Sopranoc.女高音

12.Lookupthesewordsinadictionarytodeterminethelanguagefromwhicheachhasbeenborrowed

cherub（Hebrew）chipmunk（AmericanIndian）Chocolate（Mexican）coolie（Hindi）Cotton（Arabic）jubilee（Greek）

Lasso（Spanish）loot（Hindi）Sabbath（Hebrew）shampoo（Hindi）Snorkel（German）ttamale