定语从句精讲讲练+100练习题.docx
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定语从句精讲讲练+100练习题.docx
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定语从句精讲讲练+100练习题
一定语从句的定义和结构
在句子中起定语作用、修饰居中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。
定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。
当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称代词和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as和关系副词when,where,why等引导。
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任一个成分。
二关系代词引导的定语从句
1who指人,在从句中作主语。
如
ThemanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisaPoliceman.
Thosewhowishtogotothemuseummustbeatthegateby7:
50a.m.
ThatisthemanwhoteachedusEnglish.
2whom指人,在从句中作宾语,常可省略。
如
Mrs.Smith(whom)youmetyesterdayisafriendofmine.
Theprofessor(whom)youwishtoseehascome.
3whose通常指人,也可以指物,在从句中作定语。
如
Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.
Nobodywantsthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
4which指事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
做宾语时,常可省略。
如
Guilinisacitywhichhasahistoryof2000years.
Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofthewords.
Theyoungmanwasveryhappytogetbackthegoldring(which)hehadlostonthetrain.
5that指事物,也可指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。
做宾语时,常可省略。
如
Therearesomefilms(that)I’dliketosee.
SheistheonlyoneamongusthatknowsFrench.
三关系副词引导的定语从句
1when表示时间,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time,day,hour,year等)。
如
October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
Fromthetimewhenhewaslittle,hehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.
2where表示地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place,room,house,street,area等)如
Thisistheplacewheremymotherwasborn.
Isthistheroomwherewewerelivinglastnight?
3why表示原因,常用在先行词reason后面。
如
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyshelooksunhappytoday.
Thereasonwhyhesaidthatisquiteclear.
四关系代词前带介词的定语从句
1关系代词which,whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,从句常由“介词+which(或whom)”引出。
如
Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecityinwhichtheylive.
ThefilmofwhichI’mspeakingistobeshownatthePeople’sCinemanextweek.
Thisistheteacherfromwhomwe’velearntalot.
ThepolicemanwithwhomMr.Henryistalkingintheofficeisafriendofmine.
2这类从句中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾,这是关系代词可以省略。
如
Thesituation(which)wehadgotintowasverydangerous.
Theman(whom)wesentthepresenttoisadoctoroflaws.
3定语从句也可以由“名词(或代词或数词)+介词+which(或whom)”引出。
如
Thehousethewindowsofwhichweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.
Wehavetwospareroomsupstairs,neitherofwhichhasbeenmuchusedinthepasttwoyears.
五关系代词as引导的定语从句
As也可用作关系代词,既可以单独引出定语从句,又可以与主句中的thesame或such相呼应,从句中谓语动词常省略。
如
Wejumpedforjoyatthenews,aswasnatual.
Wedothesameworkasthey(do).
Heisnotthesamemanashewas.
Ihopetogetsuchadictionaryasheisusing.
Wewillgiveyousuchinformationaswillhelpyouinyourwork.
六几组词用法的区别
1、that与which的用法区别:
两者都可指物,常可互换。
其区别主要在于:
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:
如:
Shereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,whichcameasasurprise.
(2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:
如:
Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledahammer.
(3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing)等时,通常用that:
如:
Therewaslittlethattheenemycoulddobutsurrender.
All[Everything]thatcanbedonemustbedone.
(4)当先行词有thevery,theonly,thesame等修饰时,通常用that:
如:
ThisistheonlyexamplethatIknow.。
Thosearetheverywordsthatheused.
(5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last,next等)等修饰时,通常用that:
如:
ThisisthebestdictionarythatI'veeverused.
Thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.
(6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:
如:
Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.
(7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:
如:
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatmostimpressedthem.
(8)当要避免重复时:
如:
Whichisthecoursethatwearetotake?
2、that与who的用法区别:
(1)两者均可指人,有时可互换:
如:
Allthat[who]heardhimweredelighted.
Haveyoumetanybodythat[who]hasbeentoParis?
Heistheonlyoneamongusthat[who]knowsRussian.
(2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that:
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:
如:
ImadeaspeechonthemenandthingsthatIhadseenabroad.
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):
如:
WhowasitthatwontheWorldCupin1982?
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):
如:
Tomisnottheboy(that)hewas.
3、as与which的用法区别:
(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which:
如:
Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It'sthesamestoryasIheardyesterday.这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
Thisisthephotowhichshowsmyhouse.这照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:
如:
Ilivealongwayfromwork,as(which)youknow.我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。
(3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用:
①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as:
如:
Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制:
如:
Hewentabroad,as(which)wasexpected.他出国了,这是大家预料到的。
Hewentabroad,whichwasunexpected.他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。
(不用as)
③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制:
如:
Theriver,whichflowsthroughLondon,iscalledtheThames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。
(不用as)
④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制:
如:
Shehasmarriedagain,as[which]seemednatural.她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。
Shehasmarriedagain,whichdelightedus.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。
(不用as)
4、who与whom的用法区别:
两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格:
如:
Where'sthegirlwhosellsthetickets?
Theauthorwhomyoucriticizedinyourviewhaswrittenaletterinreply.
但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:
如:
Theman(that,who,whom)youmetjustnowiscalledJim.
不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:
(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略:
如:
Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneofwhomIhadevermetbefore.
(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略:
如:
ThisisJack,who(whom)youhaven'tmetbefore.
七限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确,这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句。
这类从句不能省掉,否则句子的意义就不完整。
如
DoyouremembertheteacherwhotaughtusEnglishatmiddleschool?
Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.
Thosewhowishtogotothemuseummustbeatthegateby7:
50a.m.
Heistheman(whom)Iwanttosee.
注:
限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开。
限制向定语从句修饰的是名词或代词。
限制性定语从句中的关系代词在句中作宾语时可省略。
2定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是作一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限制性定语从句。
这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开。
如
Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmyfather’s.
Wewalkeddownthevillagestreet,whichtheywerehavingmarketday.
注:
有时这类定语从句所修饰的不是前面一个的某一个词,而是代表整个主句所讲的容,通常用逗号与主句分开。
HegavehermotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.
Theyarecomingbacktous,whichmeansthattheyhavebeenrefusedelsewhere.
八使用定语从句应注意的几个问题
1关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。
如
ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishfluently.
ThestudentwhoareinGradeThreearegoingtoclimbthehilltomorrow.
2定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词,中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
如
ThereisanexpressioninhiseyesthatIcan’tunderstand.
ThedaysaregoneforeverwhentheChinesepeoplewerelookeddownupon.
3引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替。
如
October1,1949wasthedayonwhich(=when)thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
Thisistheroominwhich(=where)LuXunoncelived.
4当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开。
如
Thedictionarywhichyouarelookingforisonthedesk.
Thesickmanwhomsheislooingafrerisherfather.
5注意介词与关系代词的位置,介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略,介词在句尾,关系代词可用which,that,whom口语中也可以用who,且可省略。
如
Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.Thisistheroomwelivedinlastyear.
Who’sthecomradewhomyoujustshookhandswith?
Who’sthecomradewithwhomyoujustshookhands?
Theroom(which/that)Iliveinisverynice.
Theman(whom/who/that)youwrertalkingabouthascometoschool.
6关系代词和关系副词在从句中充当一个成分,因此使用时要注意在从句中避免句子成分的重复出现。
(1)Letmehaveabookatthedictionarythatyouboughtityesterday.
(2)ThisisthehousewhereIlivedintwoyearsago.
两个特殊用法but和than引导定语从句的用法
but可被看作关系代词,引导定语从句,在句中作主语,在意义上相当于whonot或thatnot,即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后,构成双重否定。
如:
①Thereisnomotherbutlovesherchildren.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
②Therewasnoonepresentbutknewthestoryalready.在场的人都知道这个故事。
二、than作关系代词时,一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中,其结构为形容词比较级(more)...than+从句,than在从句中作主语,相当于that,代表它前面的先行词。
(这时,它兼有连词和代词的性质,也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词,后面省略了主语what。
)
如:
①Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatdealmoreluxiousthanisnecessary.
②Hegotmoremoneythanwaswanted.
运用上述知识翻译下列句子:
1.任何人都喜欢被赞扬。
(but)Thereisnoonebutlikestobepraised.
2.我们大家都想去。
(but)ThereisnooneofusbutwishestovisitGuilin.
3.没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。
(but)Thereisnomanbutfeelspityforthosestarvingchildren.
4.我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。
(but)Thereisnooneinourclassbutwantstohelpyou.
5.无论多么荒凉,多么难以行走的地方,人们也能把它变成战畅?
(but)
Thereisnocountrysowildanddifficultbutwillbemadeatheatreofwar.
6.这件事情比想象的要复杂。
(than)Thismatterismorecomplexthanisimagined.
7.这个广告的效果比预想的要好。
(than)Thisadvertisementismoreaffectivethanisexpected.
8.这个问题看起来容易,实际上很难。
(than)
Theproblemmaybemoredifficultinnaturethanwouldappear.
9.他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。
(than)
Hegotmorepocketmoneyfromhisparentsthanwasdemanded.
10.因为这项工程非常困难,所以需要投入更多的劳动力。
(than)
Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthanhasbeenputinbecauseitisextremelydifficult.
练习题1Ihaveafriend----hasagoodcamera.
AwhoBwhomCwhoseDbe
2Theman----todayleftthismessageforyou.
AcalledBhascalledCwhomcalledDwhocalled
3Theman----isournewteacher.
AwhomyouspokeBwhomyouspoketoCwithwhomyouspokeDyouspokewithwhom
4Idon’tthinkthenumberofthepeople----thishappensisverylarge.
AwhomBwhoCofwhomDtowhom
5Doyouworknearthebuilding----colorisyellow?
AthatBwhichCwhoseDits
6Hereisthegirl----schoolbaghasbeenstolen.
AwhoBwhomCwhoseDher
7Thenumberofpeople----losthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.
AwhoBwhomCwhoseDwhich
8Itsoundedlikeatrain----wasgoingundermyhouse.
AwhoBwhichC/Dwhom
9Thecar---myunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.
AthatBwhomCwhoDwhose
10Theboy----wesawyesterdaywasJohn’sbrother.
AwhichBwhomCwhoseDwhat
11Theswi
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