Unit6Packaging1.docx
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Unit6Packaging1.docx
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Unit6Packaging1
UnitSixPackaging
PartOneText
Packaging
Packagingisnowconsideredas“theart,science,andtechnologyofpreparinggoodsfortransportandsale”byBritishStandardsInstitution,and“ameansofensuringthesafedeliveryofaproducttotheconsumerinsoundconditionandatminimumcost”.Packagingisalsoconsideredasanimportantpartofthesupplychain,andtheveryproperdesignanduseofpackagingnotonlyfacilitateonstorage,handlingintransportationbutalsoonotherfunctionssuchasproduction,sellingandpurchasing.
WhytheGoodsNeedPackaging?
Inthepast,packaginginthetradefieldwerefrequentlyignoredordownplayedwhenthelogisticsdecisionswerebeingmade.However,packaginghasbeendefinitelyaffectedquiteafewrespectsoftheproducts,notonlyinthemarket,butalsoincustomerservicelevels.
Fromtheproductionside,packagingmayalsointerestproduction,sinceproductionemployeesoftenpackagethegoods.Thepackagesize,shape,andmaterialgreatlyaffectproduction’slaborefficiency.Fromthelogisticsperspective,althoughpackagingisnotascostlyastransportation,10percentofintegratedlogisticscostscanbeattributedtopackaging.Furthermore,mostgoodsrequireprotectionastheymovethroughtheintegratedlogisticssystem.Packagingcanalsohelppreventtheftanddamageandalsohelppromotegoodsandinformthecustomer.
Packagingaffectsnotonlymarketingandproductionbutalsomanyotherintegratedlogisticsactivities.Thesize,shape,andtypeofpackagingmaterialinfluencethetypeandamountofmaterialhandlingequipmentaswellashowgoodsarestoredinthewarehouse.Likewise,packagesizeandshapeaffecttransportationinloading,unloading,andtransportingaproduct.Theeasieritistohandleaproduct,thelowerthetransportationratewillbe⒈.Thelinkingofpackagingwithintegratedlogisticsisnomoreevidentthanwithtransportation⒉.
PackingandMark
Whatevermodeoftransportisadopted,thegoodstobetransportedwillrequirepacking.Aspackingmaterialsusedandthewaysthegoodsarepackedwill,tosomeextent,determinewhetherthegoodscanreachthedestinationinsoundcondition,theexportershouldattachimportancetothepackingofthegoods⒊.Onthepartoftheseller,heshouldensurethatthepackingcaneffectivelyprotectthefoodsfromdamageandcansustainthelongdistanceoftransport.Forthebuyer,thepunctualarrivalofgoodsinperfectconditionisofgreatimportance,sohemayhavespecificpackingrequirements⒋.Ifso,heshouldinformtheexporterofthembeforeshipment.
Allthecases,cratesorotherholdersofexportedofgoodshavetobemarkedforshippingorothertransportation.Oftenacustomerwillhavehisownshippingmarksothatconsignmentsdueforhimaremoreeasilyrecognizableattheportofdestination.Sometimesthecustomerdoesnotspecifyanyparticularshippingmarks.Inthiscase,theexporterwillusehisusualshippingmarks.Buthemustnotifyhiscustomerofthemarksusedbeforeshipmentismadetofacilitatehistakingdeliveryofthegoods.
Whenyougoshoppingsometimes,itisnecessaryforyoutolearntorecognizealabeldescribingafood,adrug,acosmetic,oramedicaldevice,whichisimportantinprotectingyouandyourfamilyfrombuyinganinferiorproduct,frommisusingagoodone,andfromunknowinglypossessinganitemharmfultohealth⒌.
Firstlyspeaking,thelabelonacanorpackageoffoodmustbecompletelytruthful.Ifaloafofbreadismadewithsoyflour,theloafcannotbelabeledaswhitebread.
Secondly,eitherlabelsormarksusedonthepackageshouldbeclear,inordertocausemisleading.
Ourgovernmentistryingtoeliminateallmisleadinglabels,theconsumermustbealwaysonguard.
Itisthelaw,too,thatmanufacturersmustlisttheirnamesandplacesontheirlabels,forgoodsitmustbeclearlymarkedingredients.Ifnot,theremustbethenameandaddressandtelephonenumberofthedealer.
TheFunctionofthePackaging
Packagingcanbedividedintoindustrialpackagingandconsumerpackaging.Generallyspeaking,consumerpackaging,whichmainlyaimsatcontainingthegoods,promotingthesaleofitandfacilitatinguseofitisoflittlevaluetologisticsoperation.Butindustrialpackaginghasasignificantimpactonthecostandproductivityoflogistics.
Industrialpackagingshouldperformthefollowingfunctionstomeetintegratedlogisticsrequirements.
First,itshouldprotectthegoodsfromdamageduringhandling,storingandtransportation.Damagecausedbyvibration,impact,punctureorcompressioncanhappenwheneverapackageisbeingtransported.Hence,packageisbeingtransported.Hence,packagedesignandmaterialmustcombinetoachievethedesiredlevelofprotectionwithoutincurringtheexpenseofoverprotection.Itispossibletodesignapackagethathasthecorrectmaterialcontentbutdoesnotprovideanecessaryprotection.Arrivingatasatisfactorysolutioninvolvesdefiningthedegreeofallowabledamageintermsofexpectedoverallconditions(becauseinmostcases,thecostofabsoluteprotectionwillbeprohibitive)andthenisolatingacombinationofdesignandmaterialcapableofmeetingthosespecifications⒍.
Second,itshouldpromotelogisticalefficiency.Packagingaffectsnotonlymarketingandproductionbutalsointegratedlogisticsactivities.Forexample,thesize,shapeandtypeofpackagingmaterialinfluencethetypeandamountofmaterialhandlingequipmentaswellashowgoodsarestoredinthewarehouse.Ifthepackageisdesignedforefficientlogisticalprocessing,overallsystemperformancewillbenefit.
Thethirdimportantlogisticalpackagingfunctioniscommunicationorinformationtransfer.Toidentifypackagecontentsofreceiving,orderselectionandshipmentverification,etcisthemostobviouscommunicationroleofpackaging.Typicalinformationincludesmanufacturer,product,containertype,count,andUniversalProductCode(UPC)number.Easeofpackagetrackingisalsoimportant.Effectiveinternaloperationandagrowingnumberofcustomersrequirethatproductbetrackedasitmovesthroughthelogisticschannel.ThiscanberealizedbytheextensiveuseofRadioFrequencyidentification,acomputerchipisfixedinthepackage,container,orvehicletoallowthecontainerandcontentstobescannedandcheckedasitpassescheckpointsinthedistributionfacilityandtransportationgateway.⒎Thefinalcommunicationroleoflogisticspackagingistoprovideinstructionsastohowtohandlethecargoandhowtopreventpossibledamage.Forinstance,iftheproductispotentiallydangerous,suchasfireworksandtabletennisballs,thepackagingoraccompanyingmaterialshouldprovideinstructionsforavoidingmoisture,vibrationandheating,etc.asthecasemaybe.
Inadditiontoproductprotection,packagesshouldbeeasytohandle,convenienttostore,readilyidentifiable,secureandofashapethatmakesbestuseofspace⒏.Therearetrade-offsthatexistbetweenthesefactorsandwillconcerntheproductandthematerialhandling.Itisimportanttoappreciatethatpackagingoftheproductshouldbegivencharacteristicsthatassisthandlingratherthanhinderit.
Totallyspeaking,itcanbesummarizedupthefollowingfunctions:
﹡Toprotectandpreserveaproductfromphysical,chemicalandmechanicaldamage,deteriorationorcontamination
﹡Tofacilitateeaseofhandling
﹡Tocommunicateinformation,e.g.safetyinstructions
﹡Toactasamarketingaid,throughappearanceandpresentation
PackagingReducesWaste
Packagingcontainsandprotectsgoodsfromthetimetheyleavetheproducertothetimetheyreachtheconsumer.Packagingisaveryvisiblepartofhouseholdwastealthoughitislessthanonethirdofthetotalweight.Infact,packagingwastefromhouseholdsaccountsforjust3%byweightofallwastedisposedofintheUKandotherNorthernEuropeancountries.
However,arbitrarilyreducingtheamountofpackagingwiththesoleobjectiveofreducingtheamountofpackagingwastewediscardrisksincreasingtheamountofgoodswhicharethrownawaybecausetheyhavebecomedamagedorspoiledbyheatordamp,orcontaminatedbyothermaterials⒐.
Incountrieswithlesswell-developedpackaginganddistributionsystems,suchaspartsofEasternEurope,asmuchas50%offoodiswastedanddoesnotreachtheconsumer.InWesternEurope,thankstopackagingandthedistributionsystem,only2–3%offoodiswasted.
Manufacturersmustmakedifficultchoiceswhenselectingpackaging,tobalancethevariousdemandsofthepackageatdifferentstagesinordertoavoidwasteandminimizecost.Usinginsufficientpackagingforgoods,sothattheyarenotproperlyprotected,isverywasteful.
PackagingHelpsMinimizeCosts
Packagingcostsmoney.Toreducecosts,andincreaseprofits,companieswanttospendaslittleaspossibleonpackaging.Oftenamanufacturerchoosesanumberoflayersofpackagingindifferentmaterialsdeliberatelytoreducethetotalpackagingrequired,witheachlayerservingadifferentneed⒑.Forexample,awineboxhasacardboardouterboxforrigidity,andaninnerbagmadefromlayersofpolyethyleneandanaluminum-coatedplastictoprovideabarrieragainstdamagefromair⒒.
Shopperscanbuysomeitemswithoutanypackaging,suchasloosefruitandvegetablesfrommarketstalls.Supermarketsalsosellloosefruitandvegetablesandunwrappedgoodsfromthedelicatessencounter,eventhoughmanycustomersprefertobuyoneswhichhavebeenpre-packed⒓.Itwouldbeamistaketoassumethat‘loose’goodsdonotneedanypackaging;youcouldnotgetmelonsororanges,lettucesorrunnerbeans,toshopsandmarketswithoutpackaging⒔.Thediffer
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