浅析商务合同的文体特征.docx
- 文档编号:8834203
- 上传时间:2023-02-02
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:28.13KB
浅析商务合同的文体特征.docx
《浅析商务合同的文体特征.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《浅析商务合同的文体特征.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
浅析商务合同的文体特征
毕业论文
BriefDiscussionofStylisticCharacteristicsofBusinessContracts
浅析商务合同的文体特征
教务处制
Abstract:
Withopeninguptotheoutsideworld,ourcountryhasbeenmorefrequentlyinvolvedintheinternationalbusinesscampaign.Inthisinternationalbusinesscampaign,businesscontractsarethemostimportantandfundamentallegaldocumentsindevelopingbusinesses,conductingtransactions,andmaintaininglegitimaterightsandinterestsbetweendifferentparties.ComparedtootherEnglishprofessionaltexts,Englishlegalcontractshavetheirowncharacteristicsinvocabulary,grammar,discourse,etc.KnowingthecharacteristicsofEnglishinternationalbusinesscontractsplaysavitalroleinsettingthestandardsofcontracts,solvingeconomicdisputes,andprotectingthelegalrightsandinterestsofparties.Businesscontracts,asakindoflegaldocuments,havefeaturesofaccuracy,standard,preciseness,solemnest,succinctness,andfulloflegalterms,etc.ThispaperaimstoanalyzethevariouscharacteristicsofEnglishbusinesscontractsandofferabetterunderstandingandimprovementintheuseofEnglishbusinesscontracts.
KeyWords:
Business,contract;stylistic,characteristic;
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1
1.TheVocabularyCharacteristicsofBusinessContracts……………………………1
1.1TheFrequentUseofTechnicalTerms…………………………………………1
1.2TheFrequentUseofOldStyleLanguage……………………………………..2
1.2.1Wordsstartby“here”……………………………………..…………………2
1.2.2TheWordsstartby“there”………………………..………………………...3
1.2.3Thewordsstartby“where”………………………..………………………..3
1.3TheUseofSynonyms…………………………………………………………4
1.4UsingliteraryLanguagewithTransparencyofMeaning……………………..4
2.SentenceFeatures…………………………………………………………………...5
2.1TheUseofPassiveVoice…………………………………………………….5
2.2TheUseofDeclarativeSentences…………………………………………...5
2.3ComplicatedSentencePatternswithNumerousModifiers………………….5
2.4RepeatRatherthantheUseofPronouns…………………………………….6
2.5UseSimplePresentTenseGenerally………………………………………...6
2.6ModalVerbs……………………………………………………………….....6
3.CharacteristicsofDiscourse……………………………………………..…………7
3.1TextualMetafunction………………………………………………………...7
3.2CohesiveMeans………………………………………………………...……8
3.2.1Reference……………………………………………………………....……8
3.2.2Substitution…………….……………………………………………….....…9
3.2.3Ellipsis………………………………………………………………...……..9
3.2.4Conjunction……………………………………………………………...…10
3.2.5LexicalCohesion…………………………………………...………………10
Summary…………………………………………………………...………………...10
Bibliography…………………………………………………………...……………..11
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………....……12
Introduction
Duetotheopeningtotheoutsideworldandtheeconomicglobalization,especiallyafterourcountryenteringintoWTO,Chinahasaveryfastdevelopmentincommercialtradesandismorefrequenttodobusinesswithothercountries.Businesscontracts,aslegaldocumentsandweapon,playanimportantroleinregularizinginternationalbusinessoperations,promotingthedevelopmentofinternationaltrades,regulatingthewaysofinternationalpayment,andconsolidatingtheinternationalachievements.Theyareinvolvedintheeconomicactivitiesamongcountries,enterprises,andorganizations.AsEnglishplaysamoreandmorevitalpartinthebusinessactivities,itisabasicrequirementforinternationalbusinessworkerstounderstandEnglishcontractsprofessionally,drawupandtranslatethecontractswithoutanycontroversies.LearningthestylisticcharacteristicsofBusinesscontractscanhelpthemachievethesegoals.
1.TheVocabularyCharacteristicsofBusinessContracts
1.1TheFrequentUseofTechnicalTerms
Wecanfindalotoftechnicaltermsinbusinesscontracts.Asetoflegaltermshasbeenformedfortheconvenienceinbusinessexchangeandthesetermshavebeenwidelyusedincommerciallawsanddocuments.Forexample,InternationalCommercialTermshasbeenwidelyappliedinbusinesscontractsandnowhasbecomeaninternationalpractice.Technicaltermsareequippedwithinternationalgenerality,accurately.Technicaltermshavebeenfrequentlyusedinbusinesscontractsinordertodescribeandexpresspreciselydifferentkindsofdocuments,terms,transactionalprocessandrightsandobligationsthatbothpartieshavetoundertake.Forexample,“TermsofPayment:
Byconfirmed,irrevocable,transferableanddivisibleletterofcreditinfavorofpayableatsightwithT/Treimbursementclause/days’/sight/dateallowingpartialshipmenandtransshipment.ThecoveringLetterofCreditmustreachtheSellersbeforeandistoremainvalidin.Chinauntilthe15thdayafterthetimeofshipment,failingwhichtheSellersreservetherighttocancelthisSalesContractwithoutfurthernoticeandtoclaimfromtheBuyersforlossesresultingtheefrom.”(吴莺2009:
398)Inthissentence,thewords“payment,confirmed,irrevocable,transferableanddivisibleletterofcredit,timeofshipment”allbelongtothetechnicaltermswhicharewidelyusedinthecontract.ThisisanotablefeaturewhichdiffersEnglishinternationalbusinesscontractsfromChineseones.Therefore,wemustpayattentiontousingthesetermsinInternationalbusinessactivities.
“ForCFRTerms:
TheSellersshallshipthegoodswithinthetimeasstipulatedinClause(9)ofthisContractbyadirectvesselsailingfromtheportofloadingtoChinaPort.ForFOBTerms:
10-15dayspriortothedateofshipment,theBuyersshallinformtheSellerbycableofthecontractnumber,nameofthevessel,ETAofvessel,quantityandtheshippingagent,soastoenablethelattertocontracttheshippingdirectandarrangetheshipmentofthegoods....”(吴莺2009:
398)
Thisisapartofdeliverytermsinordercontracts.Wecanseeithasincludedseveraltradeterms,suchasCFR(costandfreight),FOB(freeonboard)ETA(nameofshippingagent).IfwearenotfamiliarwithInternationalCommercialTerms,itisdifficultforustounderstandandtranslatethiscontractaccuratelyanditwillleadtomisunderstandingsandobstaclesincommunicationbetweentwoparties.Althoughwecanuseotherwaystotranslatethemeaningoftheoriginalterms,ifwetranslatethe“termsofshipment”into“ladingterms”,thiswillalsomakethetranslationdoesn’taccordwiththeexpressioninthegeneraltradelegaldocumentsandleadtomisunderstandingsanddisputes.
1.2TheFrequentUseofOldStyleLanguage
OldstylelanguageisseldomappliedinmodernEnglish.However,itlargelyexistsinbusinesscontracts.TheuseofoldstylelanguagenotonlymakestheEnglishcontractsgraveandofficial,butalsoreflectsthecharacteristicsoflegaldocuments,suchasrigor,conciseness.Whatismore,itcanavoidmisunderstandingeffectively.Thewordsofoldstylelanguagearemainlyformedbycombininghere,therewithby,after,under,upon,with,etc.Theroleofthesewordsisveryobvious;theycanbeusedtoformaclosertieinthetermsofthecontext.Ifwehavetomentionawordformanytimes,wecanusesuchkindofarchaicwordstomakesentencesconciseandavoidredundancy.
1.2.1WordsStartby“Here”
1.2.1.1Hereby
Itmeans“bymeansof,forthisreason,bythisagreement”.Thewordcanalsobeusedwhencontracttermsneedtobeemphasizedspecially.Itisoftenusedastheentrywordinginlegaldocumentsorputnearorafterthesubject.Forexample,“TheCompanyherebycovenantsandwarrantsthat…”or“Bothpartiesherebyagreethat...”
1.2.1.2Hereof/Hereto
Thewordmeansofthisagreement,inthecontract,orinthisfile.Itisusedtorefertotheabove-mentionedpartsanditisoftenputafterthenoun.Forexample,“totakeeffectonthedatehereof”meanstotakeeffectonthedateofthisagreement,“theheadingsofthesectionshereof”meanstheheadingsofthesectionsofthisagreement,“bothpartieshereto”equatestobothpartiestothisagreement,and“itemsspecifiedinAttachmentIandhereto”hasthesamemeaningwithitemsspecifiedinAttachmentItothisagreement.
1.2.1.3Herein
Theword“herein”alsomeansinthisagreement,inthiscontract,orinthislaw,whichhavebeenmentionedabove.However,itisoftenusedafterandclosetotheadjunctword.Forexample,“tofileasuitinthecourtagreedtoherein”meanstofileasuitinthecourtagreedtointhisagreement.Foranotherexample,“tofollowthetermsandconditionsherein”meanstofollowthetermsandconditionsinthisagreement.
1.2.1.4Hereunder
Thiswordhasthemeaningofunderthisagreement.Therefore,“obligationshereunder”onlyreferstoobligationsunderthisagreement,and“rightsgrantedhereunder”meansrightsgrantedunderthisagreement.
1.2.2TheWordsStartby“There”
Thewordsareconstructedbyadding“there”toprepositions.Suchasthereafter,thereby,therein,thereinafter,thereinbefore,thereon,thereof,thereunder,thereupon,therewith,etc.Weshouldusethesewordsaccordingtothecontentofcontract.Thesewordsaresimilartothewordswhichareconstructedby“here”andprepositions.
1.2.2.1Thereof
“ThisAgreementiswrittenintheEnglishlanguage.IncaseofanydiscrepancybetweentheEnglishversionandanytranslationthereof,theEnglishtextshallgovern.”
Inthesentenceabove,with“theEnglishversionandanytranslationthereof”,wecanjudgefromthecontextthat“theEnglishversionandanytranslationoftheEnglishversion”,thatis“oftheEnglishversion”isreplacedby“thereof”.Inthisway,wecanunderstandthesentencebetter.
1.2.2.2Therein
Itmeans“inthat,inthatparticularcontext,inthatrespect”,whichreferstotheabovepartmentioned“inthecontract”“inengineering”.Forexample“thecontractoranypartthereof”means“thecontractoranypartofthecontract”,
1.2.2.3Theret
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 浅析 商务 合同 文体 特征
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)