语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版2.docx
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语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版2.docx
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语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版2
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章)
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeak-erareknownaslinguisticcompetence.5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
15. As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasub-jectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.24.ThetheoryofC____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
25. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammatical-calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.
A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammatical26. A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinator27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive B.grammatical C.social D.functional28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand ____________
A. howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B. whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC. howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD. Alloftheabove.29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A. transformationalrulesB. generativerulesC. phrasestructurerulesD. x-bartheory30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A. nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC. nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD. nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.31.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.Onlyhierarchical C.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchical 32. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.
A.large B.small C.finite D.infinite 33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences
A.lexical B.morphological C.linguistic D.combinational34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence. A.Generative B.Transformational C.X-bar D.Phrasestructure IV.Definethefollowingterms:
35.syntax 36.Sentence 37.coordinatesentence 38.syntacticcategories39.grammaticalrelations 40.linguisticcompetence41.transformationalrules42.D-structureV.Answerthefollowingquestions:
43. Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?
44. Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?
Illustratethemwithexamples.45. Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?
Why?
46. Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?
47. WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.
I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T13.T 14.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
15.simple,16.sentence 17.subject 18.predicate 19.complex 20.embedded 21.open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseIII.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
25.D26.D 27.A 28.D 29.A 30.A31.D 32.C 33.D 34.BIV.Definethefollowingterms:
35. syntax:
Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.36. Sentence:
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.37. coordinatesentence:
Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".38. syntacticcategories:
Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.39.grammaticalrelations:
Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.40.linguisticcompetence:
Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.41.Transformationalrules:
Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.42.D-structure:
D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:
43. Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?
Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.44. Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?
Illustratethemwithexamples. Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:
Johnreadsextensively. Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:
Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparing forherhistoryexam. Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam-ple:
BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin-guistics.45. Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?
Why?
No.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact,sen-tencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyareorga-nizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverbphrase(VP),ascanbeseenfromthefollowingtreediagram:
S NP VP Det N Vt NP Det N The boy
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