英语的句子结构.docx
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英语的句子结构.docx
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英语的句子结构
英语的句子结构
英语基本句型有五个:
S+V,S+V+Cs,S+V+O,S+V+Oi+Od,S+V+Od+Co,其共有特征是主谓结构(S+V)。
句子成分主要有四种:
主语S、谓语动词V、补语(主语补语或称表语Cs,宾语补语Co)和宾语(直接宾语Od,间接宾语Oi)。
●Pattern1(S+V)
1.此句型中,“V”是不及物动词,后面无宾语,如:
Myrightarmhurts.
但通常有后续成分或称状语(A),即S+V+A,如:
Shelivedhappily.
Thesunriseseverymorning.
2.在有些句子中,主语或谓语或某一部分可省略,如:
(I)Hopetoseeyouagainsoon.(省略主语)
Whocalled?
Jane(did).(省略谓语)
●Pattern2(S+V+Cs)
1.此句型的“V”是连系动词,“Cs”是主语补语,或称表语。
充当主语补语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词V-ing形式或V-ed形式、不定式及名词性从句等,如:
MyfirstnameisBill.
Lifeiscolorful.
Seeingisbelieving.
Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.
2.常见的连系动词有下列几类:
a.表示“判断”:
be;
b.表示“变得”、“成为”:
become,come,go,fall,get,grow,prove,turn等;
c.表示“保持着某一状态”:
hold,keep,lie,remain,rest,sit,stay等;
d.表示“看起来”、“好像”:
appear,look,seem等;
e.表示“实感”:
feel,sound,taste,smell等。
e.g.SheisateacherandIamadoctor.
Springcomesandalltreesturngreen.
Hestayedawakeallnight.
Youdon’tlookhappy,what'sthematter?
Theirplansoundswonderful.
●Pattern3(S+V+O)
1.“V”是及物动词,后面需跟一个宾语,可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing结构及名词性从句等,如:
Iunderstandtheprogram.
Sheaskedtoseethemanager.
Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.
Hesaidthathewouldcallmetomorrow.
2.这种结构有时必须跟状语,意义才完整(即S+V+O+A),如:
Weacceptedtheiradviceinbuyinganewcar.
Shecompletedtheassignmentjustasthebellwasringing.
Wedon’ttrusthimbecauseheoftenlies.
Youmakeapromiseonlywhenyouknowyoucankeepit.
●Pattern4(S+V+Oi+Od)
1.此句型的“V”称为双宾及物动词,其后需跟间接宾语“Oi”(通常指人)和直接宾语“Od”(通常指物或事)。
2.此类动词大都具有给与的意义,常见的有allow,assign,award,bring,buy,cause,choose,fetch,find,get,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,read,recommend,refuse,render,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,touch,tell,throw,wish,write等,如:
Igavehimthebook.
I’llreturnyouthedictionarysoon.
3.有时间接宾语可移至直接宾语之后,但要加相应的介词如“to”,“for”,“of”等,试比较:
Bettygaveherdaughteranapple.
→Bettygaveanappletoherdaughter.
Fatherboughthimabike.
→Fatherboughtabikeforhim.
Heaskedmeaquestion.
→Heaskedaquestionofme.
●Pattern5(S+V+Od+Co)
该句型中,谓语动词虽有宾语,但句子意义仍不完整,需加补语“Co”补足其意义。
充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等,如:
Wecallhimafool.
Wefoundthehouseempty.
Ourneighborsbuilttheirwallhigh.
Webelieveyoutobeanhonestman.
Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.
常用的这类动词有:
appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,vote等。
NounClause(名词从句)
名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句。
它们可以由下列连词引导:
从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever);连接副词when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等。
●主语从句在句中作主语
Thatmathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscienceisevident.
Whoeveristiredmayrest.
Whytheearthmovesroundthesunisquiteclearnow.
主语从句常放在句尾而用it作形式主语使句子更加平衡,这时口语中常省略that,如上面第一句改成“Itisevident(that)mathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscience.”更好。
在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用it作形式主语:
1.主句谓语是被动语态时,如:
Itissaidthatheisagooddoctor.
2.主句是疑问句或感叹句时,如:
Isittruethatthefilmstarwillcome?
Howwonderfulitisthatwe'llvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.
3.主句谓语动词是appear,turnout,happen,occur,come,strike,follow,matter等时,如:
Ithappenedthatshehadacoldanddidn'tgowithusthatday.
ItturnedoutthatIwaswrong.
4.表示说话人的推测或评价,如在itseems,itmaybe,itis(un)likely,itis(im)possible,itisapity,itisawonder等结构中,如:
Itseemsthatthistestisreliable.
Itisapity(that)shecan'tgowithus.
5.强调主句的表语时,如:
Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.
Itisnecessarythatheshoulddoso.
●宾语从句在句中作宾语
Ithought(that)youhadreadthebook.
Weshouldlearntotellwhetheranelementispoisonousornot.
Doyouknowwhoinventedthis?
1.宾语从句后有宾语补足语时常移至句末,而用it做形式宾语放在前面,如:
Theexperimentmakesitclearthatairhaspressure.
2宾语从句可作某些介词和某些作表语用的形容词的宾语,如:
Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.
Wearesure(that)itwillbeasuccess.
3.宾语从句可以是直接引语也可以是间接引语,如:
Heaskedme,“AreyoufromChengdu?
”(直接引语)
HeaskedmewhetherIwasfromChengdu.(间接引语)
●表语从句在句中作表语
Thereasonis(that)wehaven'traisedenoughmoney.
Thatiswhatwewanttoknow.
●同位语从句在句中作补充说明名词及其短语的从句
IamindoubtwhetherIshouldbuyornot.
HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.
RelativeClause(定语从句)
引导定语从句的关系词有
1.关系代词who,whom(代人);which(代物);that,whose,as(代人或物)。
它们的数和人称要和先行词一致,格取决于它们在句中充当的成分,如:
Amachineisakindofdevicewhich(that)helpstodowork.
Thosewhowantticketsshouldgototheoffice.
Thetechnicianwhomwemetyesterdayhadworkedoutanewautomaticdevice.
先行词前有限定词all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,或先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none或-thing构成的复合不定代词时,一般只用关系代词that,如:
Anyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.
Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.
I'vemadeupmymind,andnothing(that)yousaywillchangeit.
先行词是指示代词such或same时,只用as,先行词被指示形容词such或same修饰时,通常用as,如:
ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpected.
Shesaidthesameasshesaidbefore.
I'veneverseensuchdogsasyoudescribe.
I'llwearthesamedressasIdidlasttime.
2.关系副词有:
when,where,why,它们都在从句中作状语,其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,如:
Thedayswhentheyhadtoimportgrainfromabroadhavenowpassed.
Airmovesfromplaceswherethepressureishighertoplaceswherethepressureislower.
Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhedidit.
限制性和非限制性定语从句(RestrictiveandNon-restrictiveClause)
限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句的意义就不完整或不明确,因此,它与主句关系十分密切,不用逗号与主句分开;非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明,如果省去,主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念,因此,它与主句间有一逗号分开,如:
Don'tyouknowthepeoplewholivenextdoor?
Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.
That不用于引导非限制性定语从句;先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用which或as引导非限制性定语从句,如从句放在主句之前则用as而不用which,如:
Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.
Hewasaforeigner,as/whichIknewfromhisaccent.
Aswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.
关于“Noun/Pronoun+Preposition+Which/Whom/Whose”结构
Theresistanceofaconductordependsonthekindofsubstanceofwhichitismade.
Isn'tshethegirlwithwhomyouvisitedtheexhibitiontheotherday?
关系代词whom和which常常作介词of的宾语,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom/which”结构,如:
Heisreadingabook,thenameofwhichIdon'tknow.
Herparents,bothofwhomareteachers,areverystrictwithher.
Inourclasstherearefortystudents,fourofwhomarefromAfrica.
Whose指物时常可用ofwhich代替,这时whose所修饰的名词放在ofwhich之前,如:
Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.
=Wehadameetingthepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.
AppositionandAppositiveClause(同位语和同位语从句)
可以用作同位语的有:
1.名词、代词、数词及其它们的短语、不定式和分词短语,如:
China,ourgreatmotherland,nowisdevelopingrapidlyinscienceandtechnology.
Weallwenttoseeher.
WetwoarefromChongqingandtheythreearefromChengdu.
Weallhaveacommondesire—tobecomequalifiedteachers.
That'sherjob,takingcareoftheagedinthecommunity.
2.of引导的介词短语,如:
thecityofBeijing,theartofwriting
3.用连词or,orrather或orbetter等引导的词或短语,如:
Theyarrivedhomelatethateveningorratherearlythenextmorning.
4.用插入语thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely,forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,especially,particularly,chiefly,mainly等引导的词或短语,如:
Mr.Smithknowsfivelanguages,namelyEnglish,French,Chinese,RussianandJapanese.
5.同位语从句,即与先行词同位或等同的从句,其先行词多为belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,remark,reply,report,thought,truth等;其引导词多为that(在口语中可省去),也可用whether等,如:
Therecanbenodoubtthatwe'llfinishintime.
Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.
Weshoulddiscusscarefullytheimportantquestionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithinaweek.
注意that在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分,只起引导从句的作用,而在定语从句中that还充当主语或宾语,或状语,比较:
Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadegreatachievementsinhiswork.(同位语从句,连词that在从句中不作任何句子成分。
)
Thisisthepicturethatthelittleboydrewyesterday.(定语从句,关系代词that在从句中作宾语。
)
英语句子中的谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,如:
Mr.SmithteachesusoralEnglish.
Nowadayslotsofcollegegraduatesarebusylookingforjobs.
1.一些句子结构中的主谓一致:
a.在"there+be"句型中,谓语动词通常和最邻近它的那个名词保持一致,如:
Thereisabookandfourpensonthedesk.
Therearetwobedsandabookshelfintheroom.
b.在定语从句中,谓语动词应和该从句的先行词保持一致,如:
Aliceisthepersonwhorunstheschool.
Hewhocheatsonexamswillbekickedoutoftheschool.
Iwasoneofthosepersonswhowereluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.
上例中如果one前有theonly修饰,强调某一个体时,从句的谓语动词应用单
数,如:
Iwastheonlyoneofthosepersonswhowasluckilyinterviewedbythedirector
himself.
c.倒装结构中的谓语动词应与它的真正主语保持一致,如:
Hereisaletterforyou.
Therecometwobuses.
2.并列结构作主语时句子的主谓一致:
a.由both...and...连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语动词用复数,如:
BothTomandMaryhavebeeninvitedtotheparty.
b.由and连接的并列结构作主语,谓语一般用复数。
但当两个名词表达同一个人、
同一件事或同一概念时,谓语应该用单数,如:
Thewriterandeditorisgoingtothemeetinginperson.
Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.
Lawandorderissoimportanttoacountrythatnooneshouldbreakit.
c.由aswellas,asmuchas,alongwith,besides,inadditionto,including,like,no
lessthan,ratherthan,(together)with等连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语应
和第一个名(代)词保持数的一致,如:
Thebusdriveraswellasseveralpassengershassurvivedtheaccident.
YesterdayIsawapick-pocketwithhiscompanywascaughtbyapoliceman.
d.由or,either…or...,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语一般和后一个名(代)词保持一致,如:
NotyoubutI
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