心理学 Psychological Learning Behavior概要.docx
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心理学 Psychological Learning Behavior概要.docx
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心理学PsychologicalLearningBehavior概要
LEARNING
⏹Learning:
Anyrelativelypermanentchangeinbehaviororknowledgeproducedbyexperience
⏹Classicalconditioning:
AKA:
PavlovianCond;RespondentCond.
⏹discoveredinearly1900'sbyIvanPavlov,aRussianphysiologist
⏹Pavlov'sprocedureconsistedof3phases:
⏹phase1(beforeconditioning)
⏹Foodinmouthsalivation
⏹Ringabellnosalivation
⏹phase2(theprocessofconditioning):
⏹ringbell+placefoodinmouth(repeatseveraltimes)
⏹phase3(afterconditioning):
⏹ringbell(withoutfood)salivation
UCS(food)UCR(salivation)
CS(bell)CR(salivation)
⏹DosalivatingdogshaveanythingtodowithYOURlife?
⏹e.g.,acquisitionofphobiasandconditionedemotionalresponses
⏹Freud:
⏹CCmodel:
UCS(dogbite)UCR(fear)
CS(sightofdog)CR(fear)
⏹vicariousconditioning-associationthatderivesfromhearingorseeingother'sreactions
UCS(snakebite)UCR(fear)
CS(sightofsnake)CR(fear)
⏹Post-traumaticstressdisorder
⏹personexperiencesveryfrighteningevent
⏹lateranythingthatresembleseventcausesfearreaction
UCSUCR(fear)
CSCR(fear)
⏹Stimulusgeneralization:
stimulisimilartoCSmayalsotriggeraCR
⏹butCRgetsweakertostimulithatarelessandlesssimilartooriginalCS
⏹conditionedresponsesovertime
⏹repeatedpairingsofaCSandUCSstrengthentheCR
⏹repeatednonpairings(CSwithoutUCS)graduallyweakentheCR
⏹sohowshouldonetreatdisorderslikephobiasandPTSD?
⏹spontaneousrecovery:
⏹whatarethetreatmentimplicationsofspont.recovery?
⏹classicalconditioningisselective
⏹preparednesstheory:
humansarepredisposedtodevelopsomephobiasandnotothers
⏹why?
⏹conditionedtasteaversion(Garciaetal.)
⏹practicalapplicationoftasteaversion:
sheepherders
UCSUCR
CSCR
⏹OperantConditioning(OC)
AKA:
instrumentalcond.,Skinneriancond.
⏹operantconditioning=aformoflearninginwhichbehaviorscometobecontrolledbytheirconsequences
⏹OCandCCaredifferent
⏹CC:
behaviorcontrolledbystimulus(orevent)thatprecedesit
⏹OC:
behaviorcontrolledbystimulus(orevent)thatfollowsit
⏹EdwardThordike'sdissertationquestion:
⏹didanimalslearnby"aflashofinsight“?
---or---
⏹didanimalslearnby“trialanderror”?
⏹lawofeffect=theconsequences(effects)ofaresponsedeterminewhetherthetendencytoperformitisstrengthenedorweakened
⏹Operantconditioning:
Basicprinciples
⏹acquisitionofabehavior
⏹shaping:
rfofcloserandclosermatches(successiveapproximations)tothedesiredresponse
⏹chaining:
linkedseriesofactionsthatleadtorf
⏹discrimination:
learningwhichparticularresponsesarerewarded(animalattendsto"discriminativestimuli")
⏹Operantconditioningisselective
⏹instinctivedrift(Breland&Breland,1961)
⏹Applications:
Movingfromratstopeople
⏹behaviormodification
⏹Cognitivefactorsinlearning
⏹Traditional"blackbox"view:
⏹Contraryevidence:
⏹Classicalcond.
⏹CSworksbestwhenitprecedesUCSandservesasignalingfunction
⏹
⏹
⏹
⏹
⏹Contiguityorpredictivevalue?
(Rescorla,1978)
⏹conclusion:
⏹Blocking(Kamin,1969)
⏹Why?
⏹Operantcond.
⏹Latentlearning(Tolmanetal.,1930)
⏹Traditional:
rewardincreasestheprobabilityofdesiredresponses(mazelearning)
⏹Tolman:
⏹ran3grpsofratsinmaze
⏹Grp1:
receiverfthroughout
⏹Grp2:
receivenorfthroughout
⏹Grp3:
receivenorffor10days,thengetrfstartingonday11
⏹conclusion:
⏹Insightlearning(WolfgangKöhler)
⏹involves3stages
⏹1.trialanderroractivity(e.g.,triesshorterstick)
⏹2.periodofstudyandreflection
⏹3.insight-generatedsolution
⏹ObservationalLearning(Bandura)
⏹Bandura'sclassicstudy:
⏹2gpsofchildren
⏹Grp1:
watchfilmofadultmodelaggressingtowardsBobodoll
⏹Grp2:
watchneutralfilm
⏹afterwards,childrentakentoroomcontainingBobodoll
⏹Grp1:
⏹Grp2:
⏹supportforblackboxtheory?
⏹Bandura’sfollow-upstudy:
⏹effectsofrewardingtheaggressor(Bandura)
⏹nurseryschoolboys/girlsdividedinto4groups
1.nomodel
2.non-aggressivemodel
3.aggressivemodelrewarded
4.aggressivemodelpunished
⏹latertakentoplayroom;scoreaggressivebehavior
results:
CookandMineka,1990
whataboutobservationallearningininfrahumanspecies?
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