A Lacanism Reading On M Butterfly2.docx
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A Lacanism Reading On M Butterfly2.docx
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ALacanismReadingOnMButterfly2
FromThePurloinedLettertoM.Butterfly:
ALaconismReadingonDavidHenryHwang’sWork
由《谈<一封被窃的信〉》到《蝴蝶君》:
对黄哲伦作品的拉康式解读
云师大外院宋美琼英语语言文学090502010152010-12-30
Abstract:
ThisthesisappliestheLaconismtheoryinThePurloinedLettertogiveapsychologicalstudyonM.Butterfly,ofwhichthetheory—linguisticmodelandpsychologicaltheories(Signifiervs.Signifiedandphallus,unconsciousness)arewell-combinedtoexplainthecomplexcharacterrelationshipandplotsetting,thefinalgoalistogiveabetterunderstandingonhowanindividual’spsycheunconsciouslyinfluencetheuncontrollabledevelopmentofthewholeevent.
KeyWords:
ThePurloinedLetterandM.Butterfly;LacanandPsychoanalysis;Phallus;TwoRepeatedScene;SignifierandSignified;
摘要:
本文运用拉康在《谈<一封被窃的信〉》中所采用的语言学模式和心理分析原理(能指vs.所指、菲勒斯和无意识)很好第结合起来,以解释小说中复杂的人物关系和情节设置,以期最终更好地解释个人的无意识心理如何悄悄影响整个事件的进程。
关键词:
《被窃的信》与《蝴蝶君》;拉康与心理分析;菲勒斯;两个重复场景;所指与能指
Ⅰ.Introduction
“JacquesLacanoccupiesafundamentalpositioninFrenchpsychoanalytictheory.Lacan'sreinterpretationofFreudianpsychoanalytictheoryasinfluencedbyFerdinanddeSaussure'sstructurallinguisticshasprofoundlyinfluencedcontemporarycriticaltheory.”(Jirgens,2004:
1)Lacan’sbroadknowledgemakeshimgetridofthecontroversialpsychoanalyticalmethodsandthelinguisticmodelborrowedfromSaussurecouldperfectlyanalysissomepsychologicalmatters,so“Lacanemphasizedprimacyoflanguageasthemirroroftheunconsciousmind,andhetriedtointroducethestudyoflanguageintopsychoanalytictheory”(Zhu,2001:
122),andthe“signifier”and“signified”playsanimportantpartinanalyzingone’spsychologicalproblemandtheunconsciousandconsciousprocess.Lacaninnovativelycreatesthatone’spsychicdevelopmentofhumanbeingis“dividedintothreestages:
themirror;theimaginaryandthesymbolic,allconditionedbylanguage.”(Zhu,2001:
122)AndinLacan’sreadingonThePurloinedLetter,henotonlygiveaspecificreadingoftheeventitself,butalsomaketheplotsandcharacterrelationshipclearbyusingthe“linguisticmodel”andhispsychologicaltheories,whichmakeshisseminarfamousamongsomuchgloriouscommentonPoe’sthisnovel,andheisinnovative,forhisstudyonithasopenedoureyes:
everythingispossibleifviewedfromthepsychologicalangelAlltheaboveareaboutthetheorymasterLacan,whoismajorinmethodology,whilethefollowingmasteriscreatorofthenovelM.Butterfly,
Chinese-AmericanwriterHenryDavidHwang’splayM.Butterflyhaswonhimbigreputationandgotlotsofcommentsandcloseattentioneversinceitwaspublishedin1998,andalso,itisoneofthemasterpiecesamongTonyAward.Fromthenon,HwanggraduallybecomesoneoftheAmericantopwriters.
M.ButterflytellsusapoignantandabnormallovebetweenaFrenchdiplomatandaChinesePekingOperastarSongLiling.HerrealidentityisaChinesespy,GallimardismadlyclingingtoSongandheletouthisrealidentityandwasarrested.AfterhearingthemasculinityofSong,hegotsodepressedandfinallydiedfromit.
AStolenLetterisoneofAllanPoe’sfamousshortstoriesreferringtoastorylikethis:
Whilstthequeenisreadingareceivingletter,hishusbandcomesin,inordernottodivulgethecontentoftheletter,thequeenhasaquickwittounfoldtheletterandjustputitrightundertheeyesoftheking,butwhat’sworse,theMinisterDcomesinandcatcheswhatthequeenisthinkingandtradetheletteraway.Inordertogetbackthestolenletter,thequeenhasrackedthrougheverycorneroftheminister’shousebutwithoutanyresult.AtthismomentthedetectiveDupontfoundtheletterobviouslyinafolderabovethefireplace.
Afteraspecificreadingofthecontext,itiseasytofindtheusefulLacan’spsychoanalysisissuitableforthetwonovels.Lacan’swonderfuldeconstructiontotheQueen,theKingandtheMinistercoulddefinitelyfindtheircounterpartsifweneglectitscontent,andalso,thespecificandprofessionaltermssuchas“Phallus”,“desire”,“despair”etc.couldbefoundandexplainedinthetwonovel:
thelostletteroftheQueenisthesymbolofherlacking“penis”,whichrepresentsthe“desire”ofthesubjectto“other”;whileGallimand’s“penis”is“Butterfly”,andhisdesiretotheotherishispursuefortheOrientalimage—theroleplayerofButterfly.Ifsuchkindofdiscussioncouldbeimpliedintheanalyzingofthecharacterrole,itisanewfounding.
UsingthePsychoanalysistheorysuggestedinOnaStolenLetter(Leseminariessur‘LaLettreVolee’)byLacan,thisthesisaimsatexploringthecomplexcharacter’srelationshipandhowPhallus,controlledbytheunconsciousness,operatesonGallimand’sdistortedlovetoButterfly.
InordernottousetheformulaictheoriesandmethodologysuchasPost-colonialismtodiscussthisstory,itisusefulandvaluabletoreadthisnovelonthecomparativeangel.Becausethesetwonovelshavetoomuchinsimilaralthoughtheyholdsharpdifferencesincontentandcharacters.“Lacan’scallforflying-backtoFreudhasobviouslytremendousimpactonliterature.”(Lu,1998:
160)Thesetraditionalpsychoanalystsregardtextitselfastheguideposttopsyche,whileLacan’spsychoanalysisfocusondiscoveringtotheactionofatext,andtopointoutwhat’sthedifferenceamongwriterhimselfandreaderandcharacters.(Lu,1998:
160)OnAStolenLetter,thecounterpartofM.Butterfly,althoughwithdifferentcontent,theysharethesamecharacterrolerelationship,ifthefirstoneisspecificallyread,itiseasytoquotethistheoryinthefirstonebyLacantothelateronetogiveaclearlineindiscussingthecomplexcharacterrelationshipinM.Butterfly,andthemisreadingoftheworkwouldbeavoided.Thereareequalnumberofcharactersinthetwoworks,ofwhichthepersonssharethesameorequalstandinginbothworks,sosincethetheoryexplainedbyLacaninOnAStolenLetterisperfectandproperlyused,itissuitableformetoquoteitinthecomparativereadingofthisnewnovel.
Ⅱ.LiteratureReview
2.1InternationalStudiesandDomesticStudies
Tobehonest,thediscussiononthecomparativereadingonM.Butterflyhasnotbeenfoundbyme,therearerarelyanyanalysisfromanangelofPsychoanalysisespeciallyLacan’snewtheory.
DavidHenryHwang’sM.Butterflyhasbeenreadingasapostcolonialworksinceitwasworkedout.SuchreadingsusingthepostcolonialismorOrientalismareasvisiblehereasanywhere,althoughthereremainsmanyclassicalworks.SincesomeuseLacan’s“Mimicry”and“repletionwithdifference”byDeridaaimingatbeingdistinctive,theseemlycreativetermsarealsosomeoldonesfromHomiBhabha,whoborrowedsometermsfromLacanandDerridatogiveabetterexplanationtotheWesternhegemonydiscourse.(Lu,2004:
86)
2.2MyComments
Maybebecauseitisreallyatotallynewworkpublishedin1998,anditisapparentlyapostcolonialworkifitisseenjustfromthecontentitself.Butitisclearthateventhewriterhimselfcan’tgiveadefiniteanswertotherealpurposeofwritingthisnovel,howcanwetooeagertodealouttherealobjectiveofit?
Whynottryanothertotallynewwaytoexploreitscreativedefinitiontothecharacterrelationship?
Somyideaofcomposingthisthesiscomeslikethis:
basedonthepsychoanalysistheory,acomparativereadingonAStolenLetterandM.Butterfly,withtheaimoffindingoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthecounterpartcharacterstogiveaclearunderstandingofthecharacterrolerelationshipandtofurtherthemeaningandfunctionofanalyzingthetext.
Ⅲ.Methodology
4.1SignifierandSignified
Signifier=Consciousness
SignifiedUnconsciousness
“TheSaussurianalgorithmS/s(Signified/signifier)servedasamodelforLacan'sanalysisoftheroleoflanguageinpredicatingthesubject.Thepositionofthebarbetweenthetwolettersissignificantbecauseitrepresentstheone-waypassagefromthesignifiedtosubsequentsignifiers;thereisnoretreatorrecoveryoftheoriginalintentormeaningofthespeaker.Inaddition,thebarrepresentsthegap(lemanque)withinsignificationormeaningtowhichLacanreferredthroughouthisseminars.Theunconsciousislikewisehauntedbyagapwaitingtobefilled:
“Theunconsciousisthischapterofmylifemarkedbyablankorfilledwithalie.Itisthecensoredchapter.Butthetruthiswrittenelsewhere,specificallyinthedocumenttheanalysandprovidestothepsychoanalyst.”(Lacan,1996:
258)
4.2“Desire”,“SubjectandOther”,“Phallus”
Desire:
“JacquesLacan'sdésirfollowsFreud'sconceptofWunschanditiscentraltoLacaniantheories.Lacansaidthat"itisonlyonceitisformulated,namedinthepresenceoftheother,thatdesireappearsinthefullsenseoftheterm."(Lacan,1991:
4)"Thatthesubjectshouldcometorecognizeandtonamehis/herdesire,thatistheefficaciousactionof.Butitisnotaquestionofrecognizingsomethingwhichwouldbeentirelygiven.Innamingit,thesubjectcreates,bringsforth,anewpresenceintheworld."(Lacan,1991:
12)anddesireshouldbedistinguishedfrom“need”and“demand”aswellas“drives”,“Needisabiologicalinstinctthatisarticulatedindemand,yetdemandhasadoublefunction”(Lacan,Erics),“Thedrivesarethepartialmanifestationsofasingleforcecalleddesire”(Lacan,Erics)Lacansays:
“Desire”isapsychologicalsigncomingfromthedeephearttoexpressthestimulationoftheoutsideworld.(CitedfromLu,1998:
147onJan.15th,2011)
“Otherandother”:
Thelittleotheristheotherwhoisnotreallyother,butareflectionandprojectionoftheEgo.He[autre]issimultaneouslythecounterpartandthespecularimage.Thelit
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