国际分工中的波兰外文翻译.docx
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国际分工中的波兰外文翻译.docx
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国际分工中的波兰外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译
原文:
TheNewcompetitionandNewEconomy:
PolandintheInternationalDivisionofLabor
出处:
EUROPE-ASIASTUDIESVol.59,No.5,July2007,761–777
作者:
JANEHARDY
1.Uneventransformationandtheriseoftheneweconomy
Inthelast15yearsthePolisheconomyhasundergoneaprofoundrestructuringwhichhasfallenintoroughlythreephases.Intheearlytomid-1990sexposuretotheinternationaleconomymeantthebankruptcyandclosureoflargestateownedenterprises(SOEs)andinsomecaseswholesectors,textilesforexamplebeingoneoftheworstaffected.ThecollapseoftheSovietUnionandthedisbandingofitstradingsystem(CMEA)4meantthedisappearanceofthemainmarketforrelativelyadvancedtechnologicalgoods,whichaffectedkeysectorsoftheeconomy,dinparticular.In1999,theso-called‘secondwave’ofreformsintroducedthemarketintopublicservicesandrestructuredwelfarewithprofoundimplicationsforworkersandusersaclike(Kolarska-Bobin′ska2000;Stunning&Hardy2005).Themostdramaticofthesereformswasinthehealthservice,whichresultedinhospitalclosuresandjoblossesofnearly27.1%between1995and2003(seeTable1).By2006,thethirdroundofrestructuringwasunderway,primarilyinareasstipulatedbyEUcompetitionpolicy,whichhasfocusedontelecommunications,airlines,railwaysandthepostoffice.Table1showthattheimpactofthisrestructuringhasbeenhighlyunevenbetweensectors,reflectingtheirdegreeofcompetitivenessandtheirabilitytointegratewiththeglobaleconomy.Italsoreflectstheimportanceofnewprioritiesandfunctionsnecessaryforamoderncapitalisteconomy.Theunevennessofrestructuringhasbeenreflectedinunevendistributionalimpactsoftransformationintermsofregions,localities,socialclassandgender(Dunford&Smith2000;Petrakos2001;Heidenreich2003;WorldBank2004;Skolt2001;Slavic2000).Paceetal.(2004)pointtotheparadoxofincreasingpovertyandinequalityalongsidewhatisconsideredtobegoodgrowthandsoundeconomicfundamentalsWhilethenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthesubsistencelinewas6.4%in1994thisfigurehadrisento11.8%by2004(GUS2005).By2004theaveragerateofUnemploymentwas20%,althoughinsomepartsofPolandandforyoungpeoplethisfigurewasfarhigher.Thetwosectorswhichhaveexperiencedthebiggestdeclineinemploymentarrearcultureandmining.Inlessthan10yearsthenumberofpeopleemployedinagriculturehasfallenfrom27.1%to16.9%ofthepopulation(GUS2000).However,thissituationismorecomplexasagriculturehasbecomeashockabsorberforpeopleunabletofindworkelsewhere.Thefallinthenumberofpeopleworkinginminingandquarryingismuchlessdramaticintermsoftheproportionofthepopulationaffected.
However,thelossof158,000jobsinthisperiod(GUS2004,pp.235–236)hasleftsomeminingregionssuchasWalbrzychwithanofficialunemploymentrateofnearly30%.5Therealunemploymentrateintheregionisestimatedtobemuchhigherandonlyoneinsix—mostlylongtermunemployed—areeligibleforbenefits.6Althoughthedeclineofjobsinmanufacturingoverthisperiodis21%,nearlyoneinfiveoftheworkingpopulationcontinuetobeemployedinthissectorwhichisahighfigurewhencomparedwith12.9%intheUKforexample(TheOfficialYearbookoftheUnited
Kingdom2005).Overallthemostmarkedtrendistheexpansionofjobsinthe‘service’sectorwitha67.1%increaseinworkersemployedinbusinessservices.Inthissector,employmentgrewfrom554,300to926,100jobsandwentfromemploying3.5%to7.3%ofthelaborforce.ThesechangesinemploymenthavetobeunderstoodinthecontextofthenewdisciplineandnewimperativestowhichthePolisheconomywasexposedasitopeneduptointernationalcompetitionfrom1990.WhereasWesternEuropeaneconomieshadundergoneperiodsofrestructuringfromthemid-1970s,withweakeconomiesandinefficientsectionsofindustryundergoingsubstantialrationalization,thisprocessin
Polandwascompressedintoamuchshorterperiodoftime.In1990,atthepointoftransformation,thestructureoftheeconomywasdistortedandcharacterizedbyahighdegreeofverticalintegrationinlargeStateOwnedEnterprises(SOEs),butbylowlevelsofeconomiesofscale.Onceexposedtointensecompetitionfrom1990onwards,partsoftheproductionprocess,whichwereeitherrudimentaryormissingcompletely,hadtobedevelopedinashortspaceoftime,inorderforindividualfirmsandtheeconomyasawholetointegratewiththeglobaleconomy.Awholeraftofactivities,suchasaccounting,storage,marketing,informationgatheringandadvertisingrelatedtothecirculationoffinanceandgoodsandthemediationofexchange,previouslyirrelevantormarginaltothecommandeconomy,becameimportantinacompetitiveeconomy.
TheBritishManagerofCussons,whichtookoverafactoryproducingwashingpowder,describeshowunpreparedsomePolishworkplaceswereforinternationalcompetitionin1992:
Wefoundverylittlequalityconsciousness.AslongastheboxeswerefulleverythingwasOK.
What’smoretheyoccasionallysubstitutedingredients!
Marketingwasnon-existent.Therewasnomarketresearch.Wedidn’tknowwhoourcustomerswere;wedidn’tevenknowwheretheywere.Salesorganizationwaslimitedtoamanwhosatbythetelephone,whichoccasionallyrang.Therewerenogrowthplans.Salesplansweremeasuredagainstwhathappenedlastyear.Furthermoretherewerenoexports.Exporttotheeast,toformersovietcountrieshadbeenaveryimportantmarket...Teamworkwascompletelylacking.Alldecisionsweresenttothepresident.Irememberlargequeuesofpeoplefromthegroundfloortothefirstfloor(wheremyofficewas)allawaitingdecisions.Organizationwasextremelycentralized.Norwerethereanypaydifferentials.Somesupervisorsgotevenlessthantheoperatives.Wefoundlotsofdatabutlittleusefulinformation.Forinstancetherewerenocashflowforecastsordailysalesanalysis.TherewasnotmuchmoneynorwastheremuchEnglish.OneengineerinthefactoryspokealittleEnglish...WhenwearrivedthereweresixRussiancomputersstillintheirboxesandaworkforcethatwascomputerilliterate.
(InterviewwithManagingDirectorofCussons:
Hardy2002a,p.141)InCussons,qualitymanagementwasintroducedwithimprovementsinpackagingandsoappowderformula.TheResearchandDevelopmentdepartmentinthehomecountryusedvalueengineeringtoachievesignificantcostreductions.Thefirmintroducedmarketresearchinproductpreferenceandincreasedthenumberofsalespersonnelfromzeroto125.Infirmsthatproduceddirectlyfortheconsumermarket,casestudiesshowedthatskillsassociatedwithmarketresearch,marketing,productdifferentiationandsaleswerecriticalareasofcompetition(Hardy1998).
Anothergroupofactivitieswerenecessarytoreducegeographicalbarriersandtoaccelerateboththecirculationofrawmaterialsandcomponents,andthe‘timetomarket’:
whatHarvey(1982)referredtoasthe‘annihilationoftimethroughspace’.
Theseactivitiesincludedwarehousing,transport,supplychainandinventorymanagement(logistics)wheretimeandqualityareessentialdimensionsofcompetitionanddependontheeliminationofwasteintheformoftimeandeffort.
Before1990PolishmanagersworkedwithtimeframesthatwerefarlongerthanthoseofWesternfirms.AseniormanagerfromaUKfirmwhichproducedindustrialgasesnoted:
Theycan’tbelieveinthefutureuntilitbecomesthepast.Evenwhenit’sthepresenttheycan’tquitebelievethatit’shappening.Beforethelorryisparkedoutsidetheycan’tbelieveitexists.
Thispresentedproblemsforplanningbecausetheycouldn’tunderstandthatyoucouldplanadealinfourmonthstimeandsimultaneouslygettheequipment.Theywerelockedintoalinearwayofthinking,whichmeantthatfirsttheyhadtohavetheequipmentandgetitgoingandthentheycouldstartthinkingaboutplanningandhowtosellit.(InterviewwithseniormanagerfromBOC:
Hardy2002a,p.158)Inthisfirmamajortaskoftheforeigninvestorwastorestructurethefirmandtransformthemindsetsofitsmanagersandworkerstosubmittothedisciplineofthecompetitivemarketwheretimehadtobecompressed.
WhatemergedfromcasestudiesinWroclaw(Hardy2002a),andotherresearchwasthatPolishenterpriseswerenotuniformlypoorandbackwardinrelationtotheirWesterncounterpartsintermsofthehardtechnologyemployed.Thereweresignificantvariationsbothbetweenandwithinsectors(Amsdenetal.1994;Hardy&Rainnie1996;Hardy1998).Inallcases,however,whatwasmissingwastightmanagerialcontroloverthefullrangeoftheproductionprocess,andinparticular
2.Thelogicoftradeandforeigninvestment
PolandhasintegratedintotheglobaleconomythroughwhatMartin(1998)callsthe‘logicoftrade’.KaminskiandSmarzynska(2001)arguethatPolandisintegratingsuccessfullyintotheglobaleconomyonthebasisoffourclaims:
first,thattradehasexpanded;second,thatthecompositionoftradehaschangedasaresultofsuccessfulrestructuring;third,thattherehasbeenashifttomoreskilledlabor-intensiveandcapital-intensiveproducts;andfinally,thattherehasbeenabreakawayfromsunsetgoods,thedemandforwhichisdeclining,suchascoalandsteel,towardstradingproductsforwhichdemandisgrowing.
TherehavebeenmarkedchangesintermsoftheproductstradedbyPolandanditstradingpartners.ThecollapseoftheCMEAandintroductionoftradeliberalizationproducedahugeshiftawayfromtradewithformerSovietbloccountriesandtowardstheEuropeanUnion.In1989t
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