北京师范大学博士入学英语试题及答案详解.docx
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北京师范大学博士入学英语试题及答案详解.docx
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北京师范大学博士入学英语试题及答案详解
北京师范大学2008年考博英语试题及答案解析
第一部分:
试题
Part1ListeningComprehension(15%)
Part11ReadingComprehension(30%)
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandthenselectthebestanswerfromthefour
choicesmarkedA,B,C,andDbymarkingthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwith
asinglelinethroughthecenter.
1
Thefitnessmovementthatbeganinthelate1960sandearly1970scenteredaroundaerobicexercise(有氧操).Millionsofindividualsbecameengagedinavarietyofaerobicactivities,andliterallythousandsofhealthspasdevelopedaroundthecountrytocapitalize(获利)onthisemerginginterestinfitness,particularlyaerobicdancingforfemales.Anumberoffitnessspasexistedpriortothisaerobicfitnessmovement,evenanationalchainwithspasinmostmajorcities.However,theirfocuswasnotonaerobics,butratheronweight-trainingprogramsdesignedtodevelopmuscularmass,strength,andenduranceintheirprimarilymaleenthusiasts.Thesefitnessspasdidnotseemtobenefitfinanciallyformtheaerobicfitnessmovementtobetterhealth,sincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthbenefits.Inrecentyears,however,weighttraininghasagainbecomeincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales.Manycurrentprogramsfocusnotonlyondevelopingmuscularstrengthandendurancebutonaerobicfitnessaswell.
Historically,mostphysical-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics.However,inrecentyears,evidencehasshownthattrainingprogramsdesignedprimarilytoimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealthbenefitsaswell.TheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinenowrecommendsthatweighttrainingbepartofatotalfitnessprogramforhealthyAmericans.IncreasedparticipationinsuchtrainingisoneofthespecificphysicalactivityandfitnessobjectivesofHealthyPeople2000:
NationalHealthPromotionandDiseasePreventionObjectives.
16.Theword“spas”(Line3,Para.1)mostprobablyrefersto_________.
A)sportsactivities
B)placesforphysicalexercise
C)recreationcenters
D)athletictrainingprograms
17.Earlyfitnessspaswereintendedmainlyfor__________.
A)thepromotionofaerobicexercise
B)enduranceandmusculardevelopment
C)theimprovementofwomen’sfigures
D)betterperformanceinaerobicdancing
18.Whatwastheattitudeofdoctorstowardsweighttraininginhealthimprovement?
A)Positive.
B)Indifferent.
C)Negative.
D)Cautious.
19.Peopleweregivenphysicalfitnesstestsinordertofindout________.
A)howelltheycoulddoinathletics
B)whattheirhealthconditionwaslike
C)whatkindoffitnesscenterwassuitableforthem
D)whethertheywerefitforaerobicexercise
20.Recentstudieshavesuggestedthatweighttraining__________.
A)hasbecomeanessentialpartofpeople’slife
B)maywellaffectthehealthofthetrainees
C)willattractmorepeopleinthedaystocome
D)contributestohealthimprovementaswell
2
Fungi,ofwhichthereareover100,000species,includingyeastsandother
single-celledorganismsaswellasthecommonmoldsandmushrooms,wereformerly
classifiedasmembersoftheplantkingdom,However,inrealitytheyareverydifferent
frompaintsandtodaytheyareplacedinaseparategroupaltogether,Theprincipalreason
forthisisthatnoneoftherepossesseschlorophyll,andsincetheycannotsynthesizetheir
owncarbohydrates.Theyobtaintheirsupplieseitherfromthebreakdownofdeadorganic
matterorfromotherlivingorganisms,Furthermorethewallsoffungalcellsarenotmade
ofcellulose,asthoseofplantsare,butofanothercomplexsugar-likepolymercalledchitin
thematerialfromwhichthehardouterskeletonsofshrimps,spiders,andinsectsare
made.Thedifferencebetweenthechemicalcompositionofthecellwallsoffungiand
thoseofplantsisofenormousimportancebecauseitenablesthetipsofthegrowing
hyphac,thethreadlikecellsofthefungus,tosecreteenzymesthatbreakdownthewallsof
plantcellswithouthavinganyeffectonthoseofthefungusitselfItisthese
cellulose-destroyingenzymesthatenablefungitoattackanythingmadefromwood,wood
pulp,cotton,flax,orotherplantmaterial.
Thedestructivepoweroffungiisimpressive,Theyaremajorcauseofstructure
damagetobuildingtimbers,acauseofdiseaseinanimalsandhumans,andoneofthe
greatestcausesofagriculturallosses.Entirecropscanbewipedoutbyfungalattacksboth
beforeandafterharvesting,Somefungicangrowat+50oC,whileotherscangrowat-50oC,
soevenfoodincoldstoragemaynotbecompletelysafefromthem,Ontheotherhand,
fungbringaboutthedecompositionofdeadorganicmatter,thisenrichingthesoiland
returningcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere,Theyalsoenterintoanumberofmutually
beneficialrelationshipswithplantsandotherorganismsInaddition,lungarethesource
ofmarryofthemostpotentantibioticsusedinclinicalmedicine,includingpenicillin
21.Whatdoesparagraphonemainlydiscuss?
A.differencesbetweensimpleandcomplexfungi
B.functionsofchlorophyllinplants
C.functionsofsugarinthewallsoffungalcells
D.differencesbetweenfungiandplants
22.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasamajorchangeinhowscientistsapproachthe
studyoffungi?
A.Fungiarenolongerclassifiedasplants.
B.Somesingle-celledorganismsarenolongerclassifiedasfungi
C.Newmethodsofspeciesidentificationhavebeenintroduced
D.Theoriesaboutthechemicalcompositionoffungihavebeenrevised.
23.Theskeletonsofshrimps,spidersandinsectsarementionedinparagraphonebecausethey
______.
A.canbedestroyedbyfungi
B.haveunusualchemicalcompositions
C.containamaterialfoundinthewallsoffungalcells
D.secretethesameenzymesasthewallsoffungalcellsdo
24.FungihaveallthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT_______.
A.Theygrowhyphac
B.Theysecreteenzymes
C.Theysynthezisecellulose
D.Theydestroycrops
25.Thepassagementions“penicillin”(lastline)asanexampleof_______.
A.amedicinederivedfromplants
B.abeneficialuseoffungi
C.aproductofthe
D.atypeoffungithatgrowsatextremetemperatures
3
ByfarthemostimportantUnitedStatesexportproductinthe18thand19thcenturies
wascottonfavoredbytheEuropeantextileoverflaxorwoolbecauseitwaseasy
toprocessandsofttotouch.Mechanizationofspinningandwavingallowedsignificant
centralizationandexpansioninthetextileindustryduringthisperiodandatthesametime
thedemandforcottonincreaseddramatically.Americanproducerswereabletomeetthis
demandlargelybecauseoftheinventionofthecoitionginbyEliWhiteyin1793.Cotton
couldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiber—orlint—fromtheseedwas
alaboriousprocess.Seaislandcottonwasrelativelyeasytoprocessbyhand,becauseits
fiberswerelongandseedswereconcentratedatthebaseoftheflower,butisdemanded
longgrowingseason,availableonlyalongthenation’scastermseacoast.Short-staple
cottonrequiredamuchshortergrowingseason,buttheshortnessofthefibersandtheir
mixturewithseedsmeantthataworkercouldhand-processonlyaboutonepoundperday
Whitney’sginwasahand-poweredmachinewithrevolvingdrumsandmetalteethtopull
Cottonfibersawayfromseeds.Usingthegin,aworkercouldproduceuptoSOpercentsof
LintadayThelaterdevelopmentoflargerginspoweredbyhorses,waterorstream
Multipliedproductivityfurther
Theinteractionofimprovedprocessingandhighdemandledtoarapidspreadofthe
cultivationofcottonandtoasurgeinproduction.ItbecamethemainAmericanexport
dwarfingallothers.In1802cottoncomposed14percentoftotalAmericanexportsby
valueCottonhada36percentshareby1810andover50percentsharein1830.In1860
61percentofthevalueofAmericanexportswasrepresentedbycotton.
Incontrast,wheatandwheatflourcomposedonly6percentofthevalueofAmerican
exportsinthatyearClearly,cottonwaskinginthetradeoftheyoungrepublic.The
growingmarketforcottonandotherAmericanagriculturalproductsledtoan
unprecedentedexpansionofagriculturalsettlement,mostlyintheeasternhalfofthe
UnitedStates—westoftheAppalachianMountainsandeastoftheMississippiRiver.
26.Themainpointofthepassageisthatthe18thand19thcenturieswereatimewhen
_________.
A.theEuropeantextileindustryincreaseditsdemandforAmericanexportproducts
B.CottonbecamethemostimportantAmericanexportproduct
C.Cottonbecameaprofitablecropbutwasstilltime-consumingtoprocess
D.Mechanizationforspinningandweavingdramaticallychangedthetextileindustry
27.Allofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasreasonsfortheincreaseddemand
forcottonEXCPPT______.
A.cotton’ssoftness
B.cotton’scaseofprocessing
C.ashortageofflaxandwool
D.thegrowththatoccurredinthetextileindustry
28.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofSeaislandcottonwasits_______.
A.abundanceofseeds
B.adaptabilitytodifferentclimates
C.longgrowingseason
D.longfibers
29.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutcotton-productionin
theUnitedStatesaftertheintroductionofWhitney’scottongin?
A.MorecottoncomefromSeaInlandcottonplan
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