英语语法.docx
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英语语法.docx
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英语语法
PartsofSpeech
1.Verb
Averbisusedtoshowanactionorastateofbeing
go,write,exist,be
2.Noun
Anounisawordusedtorefertopeople,animals,objects,substances,states,events,ideasandfeelings.Anounfunctionsasasubjectorobjectofaverbandcanbemodifiedbyanadjective.
John,lion,table,freedom,love...
3.Adjective
Adjectivesareusedtodescribeorspecifyanounorpronoun
good,beautiful,nice,my...
4.Adverbs
Anadverbisusedtomodifyaverb,adjectiveandotheradverbs.
completely,never,there...
5.Pronoun
Apronounisusedintheplaceofanounorphrase.
I,you,he,she,it...
6.Preposition
Prepositionsareusedbeforenounstoformaphrasethatshowswhere,when,howandwhy
in,above,to,for,at...
7.Conjunction
Conjunctionsjoinclausesorsentencesorwords
and,but,when...
8.Interjection
Interjectionsareusedtoshowsurpriseoremotion.
Oh!
GoodLord
Verbs
Averbinsyntaxisapartofspeechwhichconveys
1.action(bring,read,walk,run,learn)
2.orstateofbeing(exist,stand)
SentencesinEnglishhaveamainverbwhichisstatedinatense(simplepresent,simplepast,simplefuture...)
Nouns
Anounisapartofspeechthatisusedtonameaperson,place,thing,quality,oraction.
Nounscanbesingularorplural.Thepluralformofanounisusuallyformedbyaddingsattheendofthenoun.Butthisisnotalwaysthecase.
Singular
Plural
Fish
Fish
Tooth
Teeth
Man
Men
Woman
Women
Therearedifferenttypesofnouns:
∙Commonnounsarethenamesofagroupofsimilarthings(table,book,window...)
∙Propernounsrefertothenameofasingleperson,placeorthing(John,Joseph,London...)
∙Abstractnounsnameanidea,event,quality,orconcept(freedom,love,courage...)
∙Concretenounsnamesomethingrecognizablethroughthesense(table,dog,house...)
∙Animatenounsrefertoaperson,animal,orothercreature(man,elephant,chicken...)
∙Inanimatenounsrefertoamaterialobject(stone,wood,table...)
∙Collectivenounsdescribeagroupofthingsorpeopleasaunit(family,flock,audience...)
∙Compoundnounsrefertotwoormorenounscombinedtoformasinglenoun(sister-in-law,schoolboy,fruitjuice)
∙Countablenounshaveasingularandapluralform.Inplural,thesenounscanbeusedwithanumber-theycanbecounted.(friends,chairs,houses,boys...)
∙Uncountablenounscanonlybeusedinsingular.Theycan'tbecounted.(money,bread,water,coffee...)
Adjectives
Anadjectiveisawordwhichmodifiesanounorapronoun.Intheexamplebelow:
He'sgotabeautifulcar.
Beautifulisanadjectivemodifyingcar(itgivesmoreinformationaboutthenouncar.)
Adjectivesmaycomebeforeanoun
Hefoundanicejob.
Adjectivesmayalsocomeaftercertainverbslikebe,feel,seem,look:
Heisintelligent.
Ifeelhappy.
Sheseemsunhappy.
Theylookfantastic.
Adjectivescanbeusedforcomparison:
NewYorkisbiggerthanParis.
Thisistheniceststudentintheclass.
Adverbs
Anadverbisawordthatmodifiesverbs,adjectivesandotheradverbs.
Thedifferencebetweenanadverbandanadjectiveisthefollowing:
Anadjectivemodifiesanoun.
"Johnistall."(TheadjectivetallmodifiesthenounJohn)
Anadverbmodifiesaverb,anadjectiveoranotheradverb.
"Thatideaissimplyridiculous."(Theadverbsimplymodifiestheadjectiveridiculous)
"Shesingsnicely."(Theadverbnicelymodifiestheverbsing)
"Shediditreallywell."(theadverbreallymodifiestheadverbwell)
Thereareafewdifferenttypesofadverbs
Adverbsofmannerdescribehowsomethingisdone.
Hespeaksquietly.(quietlyisanadverbofmanner.)
Adverbsoftimedescribewhensomethingisdone.
Ilivehere.(hereisanadverbofplace.)
Adverbsofplacedescribewheresomethingisdone.
We'llleavetomorrow.(tomorrowisanadverboftime.)
Adverbsoffrequencydescribehowoftensomethingisdone.
Sheneversleepslate.(neverisanadverboffrequency.)
Adverbsareoftenformedbyadding-lytotheendofanadjective:
Adjective
Adverb
Slow
Slowly
Beautiful
Beautifully
Careful
Carefully
Violent
Violently
true→truly(thesilenteisdroppedandaddly)
happy→happily(ybecomesiandaddly.)
possible→possibly(eafteraconsonantisdroppedandlyisadded.)
full→fully(afterllandaddyisadded.)
fanatic→fanatically(afteradjectivesendingin-icadd-ally-thereisanexception:
public-publicly)
Howevermanyadverbsdonotendin-ly:
Adjective
Adverb
Fast
Fast
Hard
Hard
Late
Late
Early
Early
Somechangecompletely:
Adjective
Adverb
Good
Well
Manywordsarenotadverbsalthoughtheyendin-ly.Hereareexamplesofadjectivesthatendin-ly.
akindlyteacher
alonelygirl
anelderlyperson
afriendlypoliceman
Todecidewhetherawordisanadverbaskquestionswithhow,whereandwhen.
HowdoesJamesspeakSpanish?
HespeaksSpanishfluently.
Wheredothekidsplaysoccer?
Theyplaysoccerhere.
Whendidshewritetheemailtoherhusband?
Shewrotetheemailimmediately.
Pronouns
Pronounsarewordsthatsubstituteanounoranotherpronoun.Examplesofpronounsarehe,she,who,themselves...
Intheexample:
Mikelikeshisdaughter.
Mikeandhisdaughtercanbereplacedbyheandher:
Helikesher
Thereare6differenttypesofpronouns;
∙Subjectpronouns(I,you,he,she,it,we,they)
∙Objectpronouns(me,you,him,her,it,us,them)
∙Reflexivepronouns(myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,themselves)
∙Possessivepronouns(mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs)
∙Demonstrativepronouns(this,that,those,these)
∙Relativepronouns(who,which,that,whose)
Asubjectpronoun,alsocalledsubjectiveorsubjectpersonalpronoun,isusedassubstituteforproperandcommonnouns.
Johnisadoctor-Heisadoctor
Thelaptopisonthedesk-Itisonthedesk
Asubjectpronounisusedwhenthepronounisthesubjectofthesentence.
______didthejob.
I,you,he,she,it,we,andtheyallfitintotheblankandare,therefore,subjectpronouns.
Asubjectpronounindicates:
∙number:
singularorplural,
∙gender:
maleorfemale,
∙person:
first,secondorthirdperson.
Examples:
∙I(firstpersonsingular)
∙you(secondpersonsingular)
∙She(thirdpersonsingularfemale)
∙He(thirdpersonsingularmale)
∙It(thirdpersonsingularinanimate)
∙We(firstpersonplural)
∙You(secondpersonplural)
∙They(thirdpersonplural)
Anobjectpronoun,alsocalledobjectivepronoun,functionsastheobjectofaverborpreposition,asdistinguishedfromasubjectorsubjectivepronoun,whichisthesubjectofaverb.
Hebeggedhertolivewithhim.(heristheobjectoftheverbbeggedandhimistheobjectoftheprepositionwith)
Shetoldthemthetruth.(themistheobjectoftheverbtold)
Objectpronounsareusedinsteadofobjectnouns,usuallybecausewealreadyknowwhattheobjectis.
She'smyfriend.Ireallyenjoybeingwithher.
Ilikethisfilm.Isawitlastweek.(cozknowitmeanfilm)
ObjectpronounsinEnglisharethefollowing:
me,you,him,her,it,us,them
Objectpronounscomeaftereitheraverb(e.g"like")orapreposition(e.g"to").
Examples:
∙Ilikeyoubutyoudon'tlikeme.
∙Doyoureallyhateher?
∙Shelovessittingnexttohim.
∙Shealwayswritese-mailstous.
∙He'stalkingtoheraboutit.
Reflexivepronounsareusedwhentheobjectisthesameasthesubject.Forexample,inthesentence"hehurthimself",heandhimselfrefertothesameperson.(เป็นpronounsที่ประธานกับกรรมพูดถึงคนคนเดียวกัน)
Reflexivepronounsarealsousedforemphasis.Inthiscase,theyarereferredtoasintensivepronouns.Forexample,inthesentence"Ispoketothepresidenthimself",thespeakeremphasizesthathespoketothepresidentpersonallyNOTsomebodyelse.
"Ialwaysdomyhomeworkmyself.Nobodyhelpsme."
"Heneverdoeshishomeworkhimself.Theteacheralwayshelpshim."
1.Reflexivepronounsareusedwhenthesubjectandtheobjectrefertothesamething:
Heblameshimselfforwhathappened.
Youmightcutyourself.
Wewillenjoyourselvesintheparty.
2.Reflexivepronounsmaybeusedastheobjectofapreposition:
Hemadeacupofcoffeeforhimself.
Hewastalkingtohimself.
Shedidthejobbyherself.
3.Reflexivepronounsarealsousedforemphasis.Inthiscasetheyarecalledintensivepronouns.Intensivepronounscanberemovedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentence.
Imetthekinghimself.(เน้นthekingจะไม่มีก็ได้)
Thepresidenthimselfannouncedthenews.(เน้นจะไม่มีก็ได้)
Hesenttheletterhimself(เน้นheจะไม่มีก็ได้)
Apossessivepronounisapartofspeechthatattributesownershiptosomeoneorsomething.Likeanyotherpronoun,itsubstitutesanounphraseandcanpreventitsrepetition.Forexample,inthephrase,"Theseglassesaremine,notyours",thewords"mine"and"yours"arepossessivepronounsandstandfor"myglasses"and"yourglasses,"respectively.
Thisisourhouse.It'sours.
Thisismybedroom.It'smine.
Thisismybrother'sbike.It'shis.
SubjectPronouns
PossessiveAdjectives
PossessivePronouns
I
My
Mine
You
Your
Yours
He
His
His
She
Her
Hers
It
Its
Its
We
Our
Ours
You
Your
Yours
They
They
Theirs
Demonstrativesarewordsthatshowwhichpersonorthingisbeingreferredto.Inthesentence:
'Thisismybrother',
'this'isademonstrative
ThedemonstrativesinEnglisharethis,that,these,andthose
Adistinctionmustbemadebetweendemonstrativeadjectives(ordemonstrativedeterminers)anddemonstrativepronouns(orindependentdemonstratives).
Ademonstrativeadjectivemodifiesanoun
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