tpo19.docx

tpo19.docx

《tpo19.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《tpo19.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

tpo19

智课网TOEFL备考资料

tpo19阅读翻译+答案解析（word版下载）

摘要：

下面是小马过河整理的新托福tpo19阅读翻译+答案解析（word版下载），同学们可在线免费下载托福阅读TPO全套试题，希望对大家备考托福阅读考试有所帮助。

tpo19阅读翻译+答案解析（word版下载）第2篇:

TheRomanArmy'sImpactonBritain

tpo19阅读翻译+答案解析（word版下载）：

托福阅读原文

【1】Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography.Theemphasisofthisnew"communityecology"wasonthecompositionandstructureofcommunitiesconsistingofdifferentspecies.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,theAmericanecologistFredericClementspointedoutthatasuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.Anabandonedfield,forinstance,willbeinvadedsuccessivelybyherbaceousplants（plantswithlittleornowoodytissue）,shrubs,andtrees,eventuallybecomingaforest.Light-lovingspeciesarealwaysamongthefirstinvaders,whileshade-tolerantspeciesappearlaterinthesuccession.

【2】Clementsandotherearlyecologistssawalmostlawlikeregularityintheorderofsuccession,butthathasnotbeensubstantiated.Ageneraltrendcanberecognized,butthedetailsareusuallyunpredictable.Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:

thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizations,andmanyotherrandomprocesses.

【3】Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.Nevertheless,maturenaturalenvironmentsareusuallyinequilibrium.Theychangerelativelylittlethroughtimeunlesstheenvironmentitselfchanges.

【4】ForClements,theclimaxwasa"superorganism,"anorganicentity.EvensomeauthorswhoacceptedtheclimaxconceptrejectedClements'characterizationofitasasuperorganism,anditisindeedamisleadingmetaphor.Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances.Butthereisnoevidenceforsuchaninteractingcommunicativenetworkinaclimaxplantformation.Manyauthorsprefertheterm"association"totheterm"community"inordertostresstheloosenessoftheinteraction.

【5】Evenlessfortunatewastheextensionofthistypeofthinkingtoincludeanimalsaswellasplants.Thisresultedinthe"biome,"acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna.Thoughitistruethatmanyanimalsarestrictlyassociatedwithcertainplants,itismisleadingtospeakofa"spruce-moosebiome,"forexample,becausethereisnointernalcohesiontotheirassociationasinanorganism.Thesprucecommunityisnotsubstantiallyaffectedbyeitherthepresenceorabsenceofmoose.Indeed,therearevastareasofspruceforestwithoutmoose.TheoppositiontotheClementsianconceptofplantecologywasinitiatedbyHerbertGleason,soonjoinedbyvariousotherecologists.Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspeciesandthatthereforethevegetationtypeswereasimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualplantspecies.

【6】With"climax,""biome,""superorganism,"andvariousothertechnicaltermsfortheassociationofanimalsandplantsatagivenlocalitybeingcriticized,theterm"ecosystem"wasmoreandmorewidelyadoptedforthewholesystemofassociatedorganismstogetherwiththephysicalfactorsoftheirenvironment.Eventually,theenergy-transformingroleofsuchasystemwasemphasized.Ecosystemsthusinvolvethecirculation,transformation,andaccumulationofenergyandmatterthroughthemediumoflivingthingsandtheiractivities.Theecologistisconcernedprimarilywiththequantitiesofmatterandenergythatpassthroughagivenecosystem,andwiththeratesatwhichtheydoso.

【7】Althoughtheecosystemconceptwasverypopularinthe1950sand1960s,itisnolongerthedominantparadigm.Gleason'sargumentsagainstclimaxandbiomearelargelyvalidagainstecosystemsaswell.Furthermore,thenumberofinteractionsissogreatthattheyaredifficulttoanalyze,evenwiththehelpoflargecomputers.Finally,youngerecologistshavefoundecologicalproblemsinvolvingbehaviorandlife-historyadaptationsmoreattractivethanmeasuringphysicalconstants.Nevertheless,onestillspeaksoftheecosystemwhenreferringtoalocalassociationofanimalsandplants,usuallywithoutpayingmuchattentiontotheenergyaspects.

tpo19阅读翻译+答案解析（word版下载）：

托福阅读试题

1.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingisacriticismofClements’viewofsuccession?

A.TheprinciplesofsuccessionaremorelawlikethanClementsthoughttheyare.

B.MoreevidenceisneededtoestablishClements’predictionsaboutsuccession.

C.Thedetailsofsuccessionareaffectedbyrandomprocesses.

D.Manyofthefactorsthatdeterminewhichplantswillgrowinanenvironment,suchasthenatureofthesoilandtheexposuretosun,donotchangeatall.

2.Theword“substantiated”inthepassage（paragraph2）isclosestinmeaningto

A.confirmed.

B.noticed.

C.defined.

D.publicized.

3.Theword“trend”inthepassage（paragraph2）isclosestinmeaningto

A.probability.

B.picture.

C.lawlikeregularity.

D.tendency.

4.Theword“likewise”inthepassage（paragraph3）isclosestinmeaningto

A.sometimes.

B.similarly.

C.apparently.

D.consequently.

5.Theword“legitimately”inthepassage（paragraph4）isclosestinmeaningto

A.commonly.

B.broadly.

C.properly.

D.officially.

6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydomanyauthorsprefertheterm“association”to“community”whendescribingaclimaxplantformation?

A.Becausetheterm“association”doesnotsuggestthepresenceofatightnetworkinvolvinginteractivecommunication.

B.Becausetheterm“association”indicatesthatthegroupingisnotnecessarilybeneficialtoallmembers.

C.Becausetheterm“community”indicatescontinuingdynamicdevelopmentthataclimaxformationdoesnothave.

D.Becausetheterm“community”suggestsanorganizationthathasbeendesignedforaspecificpurpose.

7.Inparagraph5,theauthorchallengestheideaofa“biome”bynotingthat

A.thereareusuallynoverystrongconnectionsamongtheplantsandanimalslivinginaplace.

B.plantsandanimalsrespondinthesamewaytothesamecircumstances.

C.particularcombinationsoffloraandfaunadonotgenerallycomeaboutpurelybychance.

D.someanimalsaredependentonspecifickindsofplantsforfood.

8.Whydoestheauthormakethestatement,“Indeed,therearevastareasofspruceforestwithoutmoose”inparagraph5?

A.TohighlightafactwhosesignificancetheecologistHerbertGleasonhadmissed.

B.Toproposetheideathataspruceforestisbyitselfasuperorganism.

C.Toemphasizethatmoosearenotlimitedtoasinglekindofenvironment.

D.Tocriticizetheideaofaspruce-moosebiome.

9.Theword“initiated”inparagraph5inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.approved.

B.identified.

C.started.

D.foreseen.

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,Gleason’soppositiontotheClementsianviewsofplantecologywasbasedontheclaimthatplantspeciesgrowinplaceswhere

A.theycanenterintomutuallybeneficialrelationshipswithotherspecies.

B.conditionssuitthem,regardlessofwhetherparticularotherspeciesarepresent.

C.habitatsareavailableforawidevarietyofplantandanimalspecies.

D.theirrequirementsaremet,andthoseofmostotherspeciesarenot.

11.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage（paragraph6）?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Unliketheterms“climax”,“biome,”and“superorganism,”whichrefertotheparticularassociationofplantsandanimalsatagivenlocation,theterm“ecosystem”refersspecificallytothephysicalfactorswithinanenvironment.

B.Theterms“climax,”“biome,”“superorganism,”and“ecosystem”allrefertothesystemofplantsandanimalsinanassociatedenvironment,butsomearemorecontroversialthanothers.

C.Whentheoldertermsofecologybecametootechnical,theywerereplacedbythemorepopularandmorewidelyusedterm“ecosystem.”

D.Theterm“ecosystem”graduallyreplaceddiscreditedtermsforthecombinationofaphysicalenvironmentandtheplantsandanimalslivingtogetherinit.

12.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatdidecologistsmainlystudywhentheecosystemconceptwasthedominantparadigm?

A.Thephysicalfactorspresentindifferentenvironments.

B.Thetypicalactivitiesofanimalsandtheeffectofthoseactivitiesonplants.

C.Theratesatwhichecosystemschangedfromonekindtoanother.

D.Theflowofenergyandmatterthroughecosystems.

13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Theymaybemoreinterestedinresearching,forexample,theadaptationsthatsomeaquaticanimalsundergotosurviveindrydesertenvironments.

Paragraph7:

Althoughtheecosystemconceptwasverypopularinthe1950sand1960s,itisnolongerthedominantparadigm.【A】Gleason'sargumentsagainstclimaxandbiomearelargelyvalidagainstecosystemsaswell.【